Antenna Engineering Handbook

756 Pages·1992·26.43 MB·English

by  Richard C. Johnson

Antenna
Engineering
Handbook
THIRD EDITION
Richard C. Johnson
Editor
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
Henry Jasi k
Editor of ~irsEt dition
McCraw-Hill, Inc.
New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogoffi
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Dedicated to Dr. Henry Jasik (1919-1977)
An internationally known authority in the an-
tenna engineering field, Dr. Henry Jasik was
ISSN 1063-665X highly respected for his breadth of information,
keen insight, and depth of knowledge in both
fundamentals and applications. He received
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering in 1938 from Newark College of
Engineering and the degrees of Master and
Doctor of Electrical Engineering in 195 1 and
Copyright O 1993, 1984, 196 1 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. 1953, respectively, from the Polytechnic Insti-
Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United
tute of Brooklyn.
States Copyright Act of 1976, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced or
Dr. Jasik worked in the Naw Devartment
distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval
from 1938 to 1939 and in the civil ~eionautics
system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Administration (CAA) from 1939 to 1944. While in the CAA, he worked on
radio aids to air navigation, including instrument landing systems and VHF
radio ranges. From 1944 to 1946, he was an officer in the United States
Navy, where he worked on the development of airborne radar and commu-
ISBN 0-07-032381-X
nications antennas at the Naval Research Laboratories.
From 1946 to 1949, Dr. Jasik was associated with Andrew Alford,
Consulting Engineers, as Senior Project Engineer and as Vice-president of
the Alford Manufacturing Company. From 1949 to 1952, he was employed
The sponsoring editorf or this book was Daniel A. Gonneau, the editing
by the Airborne Instruments Laboratory (AIL), where he was associated
supervisor was Stephen M. Smith, and theproduction supervisor was
Pamela A. Pelton. It was set in Times Roman by Progressive Typographers. with the Special Devices Section and the Antenna Section as Assistant
Supervising Engineer. In 1952, he became an independent consultant.
Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. In 1955, Dr. Jasik started Jasik Laboratories, Inc., a completely inte-
grated operation for the design, development, and production of antennas.
Under his leadership, the company grew and prospered. With design expe-
rience from simple Yagi-Uda arrays to exotic multiple-feed systems, Jasik
Laboratories became widely known throughout the electronics industry as
an unusually talented team of antenna specialists. They designed, manu-
factured, and tested a wide variety of antennas, such as dipoles, horns, log
periodics, double-conical feeds, and many others. In 1969, Cutler-Hammer
(which later became the Eaton Corporation) acquired Jasik Laboratories,
and at the time of his death, Dr. Jasik was a Vice-president in Eaton's AIL
Information contained in this work has been obtained by Division.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., from sources believed to be reliable. How-
Dr. Jasik was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Elec-
ever, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accu-
tronic Engineers in 1958 for his contributions to "the theory and design of
ra&or completeness of any information pcblished herein and
neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be resmnsible for anv VHF and microwave antennas." He was a member of Sigma Xi and Eta
errors, omissions, or damages arising out ofuseifthis informi- Kappa Nu and was a registered professional engineer in New York and
tion. This work is published with the understanding that Massachusetts.
McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying informationb ut are In the course of his distinguished career, Dr. Jasik was awarded several
not attempting to render engineering or other professional ser-
patents, and he designed practical antennas for U.S. Navy ships and for the
vices. If such se~ceasre required, the assistance of an appro-
priate professional should be sought. FM broadcast antenna which operated for many years at the top of the
Chrysler Building in New York City. He also made many important contri-
butions to the young science of radio astronomy by designing and produc-
ing improved feed structures for many paraboloidal-reflector radio tele-
scopes. His innovative work significantly improved the tools of radio
astronomers. Contents
Dr. Jasik was Editor of the First Edition of the Antenna Engineering
Handbook, published by McGraw-Hill in 1961. His vision and creative
work produced the most valuable reference book for antenna engineers
throughout the world. This new edition is dedicated to his memory in order
to convey appreciation for his outstanding and lasting contributionst o the
field of antenna engineering.
1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS
Introduction to Antennas
Richard C. Johnson, Georgia Institute of Technology
Fundamentals of AIIte~as
Henry Jasik, AIL Division of Eaton Corporation
Arrays of Discrete Elements
Mark T. Ma, National Institute of Standards and Technology
2 TYPES AND DESIGN METHODS
Dipoles and Monopoles
Chen To Tai, The University of Michigan
Stuart A. Long, University of Houston
Loop Antennas
Glenn S. Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology
Small Antennas
Harold A. Wheeler, Hazeltine Corporation
Microstrip Antennas
Robert E. Munson, Ball Communication Systems Division
Slot Antennas
William F. Croswell and Mary Beth Selby, Harris Corporation
Slot Antenna Arrays
Hung Yuet Yee and Robert C. Voges, Texas Instruments, Inc.
Leaky-Wave Antennas
Arthur A. Oliner, Polytechnic University
Long-Wire Antennas
Edmund A. Laport, RC4 Corporation
31 Radiometer Antennas
Surface-Wave Antennas William F. Croswell, Harris Corporation
Francis J. Zucker, Rome Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base Calvin T. Swift, University of Massachusetts
Helical Antennas 32 Radar Antennas
Howard E. King and Jimmy L. Wong, The Aerospace Corporation Paul E. Rawlinson, Raytheon Company
Frequency-Independent Antennas Harold R. Ward, Consultant
Raymond H. DuHamel, Antenna Consultant 33 Microwave Beacon Antennas
James P. Scherer, Loral Randtron Systems Phillip N. Richardson, Texas Instruments, Znc.
Horn Antennas 34 Tracking Antennas
Allan W. Love, Rockwell International Josh T. Nessmith, Georgia Institute of Technology
Lens Antennas Willard T. Patton, General Electric Company
Donald G. Bodnar, Georgia Institute of Technology 35 Satellite Antennas
Reflector Antennas Leon J. Ricardi, WR,Z nc.
Kenneth S. Kelleher, Consultant 36 Earth Station Antennas
Geoffrey Hyde, COMSAT Laboratories James H. Cook, Jr., Scientific-Atlanta,I nc.
Electromechanical Scanning Antennas 37 Aircraft Antennas
Kenneth S. Kelleher, Consultant William P. Allen, Jr., Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company
Frequency-Scan Antennas Charles E. Ryan, Jr., Georgia Institute of Technology
James S. Ajioka, Hughes Aircraft Company 38 Seeker Antennas
Phased Arrays James M. Schuchardt, American Electronic Laboratories
Dennis J. KozakoE Millimeter Wave Technology, Inc.
Raymond Tang and Richard W. Burns, Hughes Aircraft Company
39 Direction-Finding Antennas and Systems
Conformal and Low-Profile Arrays
Hugh D. Kennedy and Roy B. Woolsey, Technologyf or Communications
Robert J. Mailloux, Rome Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base
International
Adaptive Antennas
40 ECM and ESM Antennas
Leon J. Ricardi, WR,I nc.
Daniel F. Yaw, WestinghouseD efnse and Electronic Systems
Methods of Polarization Synthesis Vernon C. Sundberg, GTE Systems
Warren B. Offutt, W&B Observatory 41 Radio-Telescope Antennas
Lome K. DeSize, Consultant
John D. bus, The Ohio State University
3 APPLICATIONS
4 TOPICS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTENNAS
24 Low-Frequency Antennas 24-3
Boynton G. Hagaman, Kershner, Wright and Hagaman, P.C. 42 Transmission Lines and Waveguides
25 Medium-Frequency Broadcast Antennas 25-1 Roderic V. Lowman, Techni-Quest,I nc.
John A. Lundin and Ronald D. Rackley, du Treil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc. 43 Impedance Matching and Broadbanding
26 High-Frequency Antennas 26-1 David F. Bowman, Antenna Consultant
Ronald Wilensky, Technologyf or Communications International 44 Radomes
27 VHF and UHF Communication Antennas 27-1 Gene K. Huddleston, Martin Marietta Corporation
Brian S. Collins, Radiation Systems International Ltd. Harold L. Bassett, Georgia Institute of Technology
28 TV and FM Transmitting Antennas 28-1 45 Microwave Propagation
Raymond H. DuHamel, Antenna Consultant GeotEey Hyde, COMSAT Laboratories
Ali R. Mahnad, Jampro Antennas Inc. 46 Materials and Design Data
29 TV Receiving Antennas 29-1 Donald G. Bodnar, Georgia Institute of Technology
Edward B. Joy, Georgia Institute of Technology
30 Microwave-Relay Antennas 30-1 Index follows Chap. 46
Charles M. Knop, Andrew Corporation
Contributors
James S. Ajioka,* Manager, Electromagnetics Laboratories, Hughes Aircraft Com-
pany, Fullerton, California. (Chap. 19)
William P. Allen, Jr., Consultant, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 37)
Harold L. Bassett,f Chief, Modeling and Simulation Division, Georgia Tech Re-
search Institute, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 44)
Donald G. Bodnar, Principal Research Engineer, Georgia Tech Research Institute,
Atlanta, Georgia. (Chaps. 16 and 46)
David F. Bowman, Antenna Consultant, Williamstown, Massachusetts. (Chap. 43)
Richard W. Burns, Mawr, Microwave Techniques Department, Amy Antenna
Laboratory, Hughes Air& Company, Fullerton, California. (Chap. 20)
Brian S. Collins, Radiation Systems International Ltd., CSA Antenna Systems Divi-
sion, Rochester, England. (Chap. 27)
James H. Cook, Jr., Principal Engineer, Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
(chap. 36)
William F. Croswell, Senior Scientist, Harris Corporation, Melbourne, Florida.
(Chaps. 8 and 3 1)
Lome K. DeSize, Consultant, Littleton, Colorado. (Chap. 23)
Raymond H. DuHamel, Antenna Consultant, Los Altos Hills, California. (Chaps. 14
and 28)
Boynton G. Hagaman, Kershner, Wright & Hagaman, P.C., Alexandria, V ' i .
(Chap. 24)
Gene K. Huddleston, Director, Radar Engineering, Martin Marietta Electronic Sys-
tems, Orlando, Florida. (Chap. 44)
Geo$ey Hyde, Senior Staff Scientist, COMSAT Laboratories, Clarksburg, Mary-
land. (Chaps. 17 and 45)
Henry Jasik,t Vice-president and Director of Antenna Systems Division, AIL Divi-
sion, Eaton Corporation, Deer Park, Long Island, New York. (Chap. 2)
Richard C.J ohnson, Consultant, Dallas, Texas. (Chap. 1)
Edward B. Joy, Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 29)
Kenneth S. Kelleher, Consultant, Alexandria, Virginia. (Chaps. 17 and 18)
Hugh D. Kennedy, Consultant, Portola, California. (Chap. 39)
Howard E. King,* Director, Antenna Development Office, Antennas and Propaga- Glenn S. Smith, Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of
tion Department, Communications Systems Subdivision, The Aerospace Corpo- Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 5)
ration, Los Angeles, California. (Chap. 13) Vernon C. Sundberg,* Section Head, GTE Systems, Mountain View, California.
Charles M. Knop, Director, Antenna Research, Andrew Corporation, Orland Park, (Chap. 40)
Illinois. (Chap. 30) Calvin T. Swift, Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Dennis J. Kozako$; President, Millimeter Wave Technology, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts. (Chap. 3 1)
(Chap. 38) Chen To Tai,* Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
John D. Kraus,* Director, Ohio State University Radio Observatory, Columbus, Arbor, Michigan. (Chap. 4)
Ohio. (Chap. 41) Raymond Tang, Manager, Array Antenna Laboratory, Communicationsa nd Radar
Edmund A. Laport,t Corporate Director of Communications, RCA Corporation, Division, Hughes Aircraft Company, Fullerton, California. (Chap. 20)
Princeton, New Jersey. (Chap. 1 1) Robert C. Voges, TI Fellow, Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, Texas. (Chap. 9)
Stuart A. Long, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Harold R. Ward,C onsultant, HRW Consulting, Bedford, Massachusetts. (Chap. 32)
Houston, Houston, Texas. (Chap. 4) HaroldA. Wheeler," Chief Scientist, Hazeltine Corporation, Greenlawn, New York.
Allan W. Love, Consultant, Corona del Mar, California. (Chap. 15) (Chap. 6)
Roderic V. Lowman, President, Techni-Quest, Inc., Greenlawn, New York. (Chap. Ronald Wilensky, Vice President, Technology for Communications International,
42) Mountain View, California. (Chap. 26)
John A. Lundin, du Treil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc., A subsidiary of A. D. Ring, P. C., Jimmy L. Wong, Senior Engineering Specialist, Antenna Development Ofice, An-
Washington, D.C. (Chap. 25) tennas and Propagation Department, Communications Systems Subdivision,T he
Mark T, Ma, Senior Research Engineer, Electromagnetic Fields Division, National Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California. (Chap. 13)
Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado. (Chap. 3) Roy B. Woolsey, Vice President, Engineering, Technology for Communications
Ali R. Mahnad, Sci-Tech Consultants, Carmichael, California. (Chap. 28) International, Sunnydale, California. (Chap. 39)
Robert J. Mailloux, Senior Scientist: Antennas, Rome Laboratory, Electromagnetics Daniel F. Yaw, Senior Advisory Engineer, Electronic Warfare Systems Engineering,
and Reliability Directorate, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts. (Chap. 2 1) Westinghouse Defense and Electronic Systems, Baltimore, Maryland. (Chap. 40)
Robert E. Munson, Manager, Advanced Antenna Programs, Ball Communication Hung Yuet Yee, Senior Member of Technical Staff, Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas,
Systems Division, Boulder, Colorado. (Chap. 7) Texas. (Chap. 9)
Josh T.N essmith, Principal Research Scientist, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Francis J. Zucker, Physicist, Antenna Section, Rome Laboratory, Hanscom Air
Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 34) Force Base, Massachusetts. (Chap. 12)
Warren B. Offit,O wner, W & B Observatory, Cloudcroft, New Mexico. (Chap. 23)
"thur A. Oliner,* Professor of Electrophysics, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn,
he)! Vork. (C-h-a p. 10)
Willard T. ru~' Staff Scientist, General Electric Corporation, Moorestown, New
Jersey. (Chap. 34)
Ronald D. Rackley, du Treil, Lundin & Rackley, Inc., A subsidiary of A. D. Ring,
P. C., Washington, D.C. (Chap. 25)
Paul E. Rawlinson, Manager, Radar Systems Laboratory, Equipment Division,
Raytheon Company, Sudbury, Massachusetts. (Chap. 32)
Leon J. Ricardi, President, LJR, Inc., El Segundo, California. (Chaps. 22 and 35)
Phillip N. Richardson. Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, Texas. (Chap. 33)
Charles E. Ryan, Jr.,* Principal Research Engineer, Georgia Tech Research Insti-
tute, Atlanta, Georgia. (Chap. 37)
James P. Scherer, Senior Vice President of Technology, Loral Randtron Systems,
Men10 Park, California. (Chap. 14)
James M. Schuchardt, Director, Antenna Division, American Electronic Laborato-
ries, Lansdale, Pennsylvania. (Chap. 38)
Mary Beth Selby, Senior Engineer, Harris Corporation, Melbourne, Florida. (Chap.
8)
* Retired.
Preface
THIRD EDITION
It has been more than three decades since Henry Jasik envisioned and edited the First
Edition of the Antenna Engineering Handbook. During this time, many significant and
far-reaching advances have been made in the field of antenna technology.
The Second Edition was published more than two decades after the First Edition,
and it required many major revisions and additions. For example, it contained 15 new
chapters to cover new subject areas.
Work on this Third Edition of the Handbook began 10 years after starting work on
the Second Edition. Ten years is a long time given today's rapid advancementsi n antenna
technology, so an update is welcome and beneficial.
This new edition again contains four major parts:
Introduction and Fundamentals Part 1 presents basic comments, defines parame-
ters, and discusses fundamentals that are common to most antennas.
Types and Design Methods Part 2 presents the primary antenna types and design
methods that currently are in use. Emphasis is on succinct descriptions, design data, and
references.
Applications Part 3 discusses major applications of antennas. Emphasis is on how
antennas are employed to meet electronic system requirements. Design methods which
are unique to the applications are presented.
Topics Associated with Antennas Part 4 deals with topics that are closely related to
antenna design. The topics are covered succinctly,b ut more detailed information can be
found in the references.
Thanks are extended to the many publishers who have granted permission to use
material from their publications. As was done in the previous editions, we have tried to
credit all sources of information by references; any omissions are due to oversight rather
than intent.
The work of many outstanding engineers who reviewed and updated the individual
chapters has made this Third Edition of the Handbook possible. Their magnificent efforts
enabled this project to be completed according to the initial schedule.
It is impossible to acknowledge all the other individuals who have made contribu-
tions to this book, so I thank them all as agroup. Again, I extend special thanks to Maurice
Antenna
W. Long and J. Searcy Hollis, who introduced me to the fascinating world of antennas.
Their keen insight and guidance helped me, in many cases, to "see" the electrical currents
flowing on an antenna. Engineering
Finally, I want to acknowledge the lasting contributions of Henry Jasik, who con-
ceived and edited the First Edition of this Handbook. When I took the assignment to edit Handbook
the Second Edition, I considered several alternate ways to organize the subject matter;
however, in the end, I concluded that Henry's outline was better than all the others. This
Handbook is dedicated to the memory of Henry Jasik. His influence is clearly present in
this Third Edition, and it probably will continue through future editions.
RICHARD C. JOHNSON
Introduction
and
Fundamentals