Table Of Content

Global Politics 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page i 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page ii Global Politics A N D R E W H E Y W O O D 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page iii © Andrew Heywood 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-8982-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Printed in China 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page iv For Oliver, Freya, Dominic and Toby 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page v This page intentionally left blank 1 Introducing Global Politics 1 2 Historical Context 25 3 Theories of Global Politics 53 4 The Economy in a Global Age 83 5 The State and Foreign Policy in a Global Age 111 6 Society in a Global Age 136 7 The Nation in a Global Age 157 8 Identity, Culture and Challenges to the West 181 9 Power and Twenty-first Century World Order 209 10 War and Peace 239 11 Nuclear Proliferation and Disarmament 263 12 Terrorism 282 13 Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention 303 14 International Law 331 15 Poverty and Development 352 16 Global Environmental Issues 383 17 Gender in Global Politics 412 18 International Organization and the United Nations 432 19 Global Governance and the Bretton Woods System 456 20 Regionalism and Global Politics 480 21 Global Futures 507 Brief Contents vii 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page vii This page intentionally left blank List of Illustrative Material xiv Preface xix Acknowledgements xxii 1 Introducing Global Politics 1 WHAT IS GLOBAL POLITICS? 2 What’s in a name? 2 From international politics to global politics 3 Globalization and its implications 9 LENSES ON GLOBAL POLITICS 12 Mainstream perspectives 12 Critical perspectives 15 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN GLOBAL POLITICS 17 Power 17 Security 19 Justice 21 USING THIS BOOK 21 2 Historical Context 25 MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD 26 From ancient to modern 26 Rise of the West 27 Age of imperialism 28 THE ‘SHORT’TWENTIETH CENTURY: 1914–90 29 Origins of World War I 29 Road to World War II 32 End of Empires 36 Rise and fall of the Cold War 38 THE WORLD SINCE 1990 44 A ‘new world order’? 44 9/11 and the ‘war on terror’ 45 Shifting balances within the global economy 50 3 Theories of Global Politics 53 MAINSTREAM PERSPECTIVES 54 Realism 54 Liberalism 61 CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES 67 Marxism, neo-Marxism and critical theory 67 Social constructivism 71 Poststructuralism 73 Feminism 74 Green politics 75 Postcolonialism 76 THINKING GLOBALLY 77 Challenge of interconnectedness 77 Cosmopolitanism 79 Paradigms: enlightening or constraining? 81 4 The Economy in a Global Age 83 CAPITALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM 84 Capitalisms of the world 84 Contents ix 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page ix x C O N T E N T S Triumph of neoliberalism 90 Implications of neoliberalism 91 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION 93 Causes of economic globalization 93 How globalized is economic life? 96 GLOBAL CAPITALISM IN CRISIS 100 Explaining booms and slumps 100 Lessons of the Great Crash 103 Modern crises and ‘contagions’ 104 5 The State and Foreign Policy in a Global Age 111 STATES AND STATEHOOD IN FLUX 112 States and sovereignty 112 The state and globalization 114 State transformation 118 Return of the state 121 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TO MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE 123 From government to governance 123 Multi-level governance 126 FOREIGN POLICY 128 End of foreign policy? 128 How decisions are made 129 6 Society in a Global Age 136 SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS: THICK TO THIN? 137 From industrialization to post- industrialism 137 New technology and ‘information society’ 138 Risk, uncertainty and insecurity 141 GLOBALIZATION, CONSUMERISM AND THE INDIVIDUAL 145 Social and cultural implications of globalization 145 Consumerism goes global 146 Rise of individualism 147 GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY 150 Explaining global civil society 150 Transnational social movements and NGOs 152 Globalization from below? 155 7 The Nation in a Global Age 157 NATIONALISM AND WORLD POLITICS 158 Making sense of nationalism 158 A world of nation-states 161 Nationalism, war and conflict 165 NATIONS IN A GLOBAL WORLD 166 A world on the move 168 Transnational communities and diasporas 171 Hybridity and multiculturalism 173 NATIONALISM REVIVED 175 National self-assertion in the post- Cold War period 175 Rise of cultural and ethnic nationalism 178 Anti-globalization nationalism 179 8 Identity, Culture and Challenges to the West 181 RISE OF IDENTITY POLITICS 182 Westernization as modernization 182 Politics of collective identity 183 Is cultural conflict inevitable? 187 RELIGIOUS REVIVALISM 189 Religion and politics 189 The fundamentalist upsurge 192 CHALLENGES TO THE WEST 194 Postcolonialism 194 Asian values 195 Islam and the West 197 Nature of political Islam 197 The West and the ‘Muslim question’ 205 9 Power and Twenty-first Century World Order 209 POWER AND GLOBAL POLITICS 210 Power as capability 210 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page x C O N T E N T S xi Relational power and structural power 211 Changing nature of power 213 POST-COLD WAR GLOBAL ORDER 216 End of Cold War bipolarity 216 The ‘new world order’ and its fate 217 US HEGEMONY AND GLOBAL ORDER 220 Rise to hegemony 220 The ‘war on terror’ and beyond 222 Benevolent or malign hegemony? 226 A MULTIPOLAR GLOBAL ORDER? 228 Rise of multipolarity 228 Multipolar order or disorder? 234 10 War and Peace 239 NATURE OF WAR 240 Types of war 240 Why do wars occur? 241 War as a continuation of politics 243 CHANGING FACE OF WAR 245 From ‘old’ wars to ‘new’ wars? 245 ‘Postmodern’ warfare 251 JUSTIFYING WAR 254 Realpolitik 254 Just war theory 256 Pacifism 260 11 Nuclear Proliferation and Disarmament 263 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION 264 Nature of nuclear weapons 264 Proliferation during the Cold War 266 Proliferation in the post-Cold War era 267 NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT 273 Arms control and anti-proliferation strategies 273 A world free of nuclear weapons? 278 12 Terrorism 282 UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM 283 Defining terrorism 283 Rise of ‘new’ terrorism 285 SIGNIFICANCE OF TERRORISM 289 Terrorism goes global? 289 Catastrophic terrorism? 291 COUNTERING TERRORISM 296 Strengthening sate security 296 Military repression 298 Political deals 300 13 Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention 303 HUMAN RIGHTS 304 Defining human rights 304 Protecting human rights 309 Challenging human rights 316 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION 318 Rise of humanitarian intervention 318 Conditions for humanitarian intervention 324 Does humanitarian intervention work? 327 14 International Law 331 NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 332 What is law? 332 Sources of international law 334 Why is international law obeyed? 337 INTERNATIONAL LAW IN FLUX 339 From international law to world law? 339 Developments in the laws of war 344 International tribunals and the International Criminal Court 346 15 Poverty and Development 352 UNDERSTANDING POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT 353 Defining and measuring poverty 353 Development: competing visions 355 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xi xii C O N T E N T S A MORE UNEQUAL WORLD? 360 Making sense of global inequality 360 Contours of global inequality 363 Globalization, poverty and inequality 365 Does global inequality matter? 368 DEVELOPMENT AND THE POLITICS OF AID 369 Structural adjustment programmes and beyond 369 International aid and the development ethic 372 Debt relief and fair trade 378 16 Global Environmental Issues 383 THE RISE OF GREEN POLITICS 384 The environment as a global issue 384 Green politics: reformism or radicalism? 386 CLIMATE CHANGE 391 Causes of climate change 392 Consequences of climate change 395 How should climate change be tackled? 399 Why is international cooperation so difficult to achieve? 402 RESOURCE SECURITY 406 Resources, power and prosperity 408 17 Gender in Global Politics 412 FEMINISM, GENDER AND GLOBAL POLITICS 413 Varieties of feminism 413 ‘Gender lenses’ on global politics 416 GENDERING GLOBAL POLITICS 418 Gendered states and gendered nations 418 Gendering security, war and armed conflict 422 Gender, globalization and development 426 18 International Organization and the United Nations 432 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION 433 Rise of international organization 433 Why are international organizations created 434 THE UNITED NATIONS 435 From the League to the UN 435 Promoting peace and security 440 Does UN peacekeeping work? 445 Promoting economic and social development 446 Future of the UN: challenges and reform 448 19 Global Governance and the Bretton Woods System 456 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE? 455 What global governance is, and is not 455 Global governance: myth or reality? 459 GLOBAL ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM 459 Making of the Bretton Woods system 460 Fate of the Bretton Woods system 464 EVALUATING GLOBAL ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE 465 The International Monetary Fund 465 The World Bank 458 The World Trade Organization 470 REFORMING THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM 473 Global economic governance and the 2007–09 crisis 473 Obstacles to reform 476 20 Regionalism and Global Politics 480 REGIONS AND REGIONALISM 481 Nature of regionalism 481 Why regionalism? 484 Regionalism and globalization 489 Regional integration outside Europe 489 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xii EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 494 What is the EU? 495 The EU and the world 500 The EU in crisis? 501 21 Global Futures 507 IMAGES AND REALITY 508 CONTENDING IMAGES OF THE GLOBAL FUTURE 508 A borderless world? 509 A world of democracies? 512 Civilizations in conflict? 513 A Chinese century? 514 The growth of international community? 516 The rise of the global South? 518 The coming environmental catastrophe? 519 Towards cosmopolitan democracy? 520 AN UNKNOWABLE FUTURE? 521 Bibliography 524 Index 541 C O N T E N T S xiii 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xiii Global politics in action September 11 and global security 21 Fall of the Berlin Wall 43 Paris Peace Conference 1919–20 59 Global financial crisis 2007–09 108 The invasion of Iraq 2003 131 The Rio ‘Earth Summit’, 1992 153 The rise and fall of Yugoslavia 167 Iran’s ‘Islamic Revolution’ 200 The 2008 Russian war with Georgia 232 The war in Afghanistan as a ‘just war’ 259 The birth of the nuclear era 265 The 2002 Bali bombings 292 Humanitarian intervention in East Timor 323 The Nuremberg Trials 335 The ‘Year of Africa’ 380 The UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen 403 Gendered violence in anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat 421 The UN and Iraq 443 The collapse of Bretton Woods 446 The EU expands to the east 504 Global actors Non-governmental organizations (NGO) 6 United States of America (USA) 46 The anti-capitalist movement 70 Transnational corporations 99 Group of Twenty (G-20) 117 Google 142 Russia 177 Al Jazeera 204 China 251 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 253 Al-Qaeda 295 Amnesty International (AI) 313 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 342 World Bank 373 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 396 Women’s movement 415 United Nations (UN) 449 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 469 European Union (EU) 505 World Trade Organization (WTO) 511 Approaches to Balance of power 268 Cold War, the end of the 218 Development 357 Gender relations 419 Global economic governance 463 Global political economy 87 Globalization 12 History 31 Human nature 56 Human rights 310 Identity 184 International law 340 International organization 437 Nationalism 162 List of Illustrative Material xiv 14039_89826_01_Pre.qxd 20/12/10 2:22 pm Page xiv