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ANCIENTARTOFTHEFLORIDAPENINSULA: 500B.C. TOA.D. 1763 By RYANJ. WHEELER ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTS FORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1996 eCopyright1996 by RyanJosephWheeler ; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Manypeoplehavecontributed, inamyriadofways, to thecompletionandimprovementofthisstudy. The following individuals, andtheirrespectiveinstitutions, havemade collectionsavailable, providedphotographsusedinthe followingpages, orgrantedpermissionforillustrationof copyrightedmaterial: SteveTuthill andGailMeyers (Temple MoundMuseum); JeraldT. MilanichandEliseV. LeCompte-Baer (DepartmentofAnthropology, FloridaMuseumofNatural History); JimMiller, DaveDickel, CalvinJones, andLouis Tesar (FloridaBureauofArchaeologicalResearch),• Remko Jansonius (HistoricalMuseumofSouthernFlorida); Wm. JeraldKennedy (DepartmentofAnthropology, FloridaAtlantic University); GlenDoran (DepartmentofAnthropology, Florida StateUniversity); AlanBohnert (SoutheasternArcheological Center, National ParkService); GabrielleVailandLucy FowlerWilliams (UniversityMuseum, Universityof Pennsylvania); LauraBranstetter (SouthFloridaMuseum) GypsyGraves, SheilaSoltisandKateYinger (GravesMuseum ofArchaeologyandNaturalHistory, BrowardCounty Archaeological Society); SusanL. Duncan (Historical Society ofPalmBeachCounty); andBruceChappell (P. K. Yonge LibraryofFloridaHistory). Manyoftheseindividuals iii . providednotonlyassistancewithcollections, butalso sharedtheirownknowledgeofancient Floridaartwithme. Theirhelpandencouragement isgreatlyappreciated. ConversationswithGeorgeLuerhaveperhapshelped most, notonlywithideasanddetailsaboutFloridaartand archaeology, butalsowithparticulardirectionstotakeand thewaysinwhichtodoso. Igreatlyappreciatehishelp andfriendship. Otherfriendsandcolleagueswhohave providedhelpandencouragement includeLindaSpearsJester, RayMcGee, JamesPepe, ClarkWernecke, KenWinland, William Hyler, ClaudiaKemp, MeraldClark, andWesColeman. Ialso wouldliketothankmyparentsfortheirpatientsupportand encouragement Themembersofmydissertationcommittee, Michael Moseley, PeterSchmidt, WilliamMarquardt, LynetteNorrand JohnScott, haveprovidedhelpful commentsandencouragement throughoutthecourseofmyresearchandwriting. Their assistanceisgreatlyappreciated. Iwouldespeciallylike tothankDr. Moseleyforagreeingtochairmycommittee. TABLEOPCONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LISTOFFIGURES vii KEYTOABBREVIATIONS xii ABSTRACT xiii CHAPTERS 1 GLADESTRADITIONART 1 AATTMInphionpemdtreeArlolGosatladceanuhrddcoeenftssaiStoHpinoTatvcproeeeaNwdaMeiiotltndilievioSleanonuAtrhatensrdnMiFslsoirsisdaippianArt... 1541136 OrganizationoftheChapters 24 2 THEHOPEWELLHORIZONANDNATIVEFLORIDAART... 32 TYHOewtonohpteerwFealAlnorldrtiisdaGanreAeCrnetraPmToiircnastjecCitnoomrpFilleeosxreisda 43338246 HIonpceiwpeielnltianGlaSdyemsbolTirsamdition 5681 3 FORTCENTERWOODENEFFIGIES 85 MWFFoooorrrotttdueanCCreeynnEttfeefPrriognidaensdtheGladesTradition 88996759 4 ANOSSEOUSBESTIARY 114 BEoanrelyAnGilmaadlesCTarrvaidnigtsion 111355 page 5 KEYMARCO 148 Temporal, Spatial andEthnic Position 150 KeyMarco Iconography 157 BelleGlade 187 TickIsland 189 KeyMarcoandtheGladesTradition 190 6 WEEDENISLANDANDTHEGLADESTRADITION 212 WeedenIslandCulture 213 CeramicArts 214 WeedenIslandSymbolism 226 WeedenIslandandtheGladesTradition 229 7 LATEGLADESTRADITIONART 247 MississippianHorizon 249 SafetyHarborCeramics 252 GeometricBoneCarving 261 HumanIdolsorEffigies 279 LateGladesTradition 285 8 TERMINALGLADESTRADITIONART 306 CultureContact andCultureChange 307 CeremonialTablets 311 Metal Crested-Woodpeckers 320 OtherMetal ZoomorphicCut-Outs 331 TerminalGladesTradition 335 9 DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSION 351 PeriodicityinPeninsularArt 351 Structural Position 356 Process 364 IconographyandSymbolism 366 EvaluationofQuestions Posed 373 Notes forFurtherStudy 375 Conclusion 376 REFERENCES 385 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 413 LISTOFFIGURES Figure page 1-1. Culture regions oftheFloridapeninsula 29 1-2. Carvedboneandantler, pre-Glades tradition... 30 2-1. FloridaHopewell sites 64 2-2. Rectilinearandcurvilineardesigns 65 2-3. Crystal RiverNegative-Paintedvessels 66 2-4. Pierce Zoned-Redvessels 67 2-5. Naturalisticbirdforms 68 2-6. Abstractbirdforms 69 2-7. Stylizedbirdforms 70 2-8. BasinBayou Incisedbowl, Safford 71 2-9. Unidentifiedanimal forms 72 2-10. Humanhands 73 2-11. Humanfigurines 74 2-12. Hopewellianfigurine, Block-Sterns 75 2-13. Copperandshell artifacts 76 2-14. Exotic stoneplummets 77 2-15. Birdeffigyplummets 78 2-16. Deereffigies 79 2-17. Duckorspoonbill effigyplummets 80 2-18. Stoneceremonial tablets 81 Figure page 2-19. Hopewellianceramics 82 2-20. Animalsandbirds inHopewell art 83 2-21. Hopewell effigypipes 84 3-1. PlanofFortCenter, mound-pondcomplex, andmortuaryplatform 103 3-2. Largebirdsandbeasts 104 3-3. Tenonedanimals 105 3-4. Two-1eggedstylecarvings 106 3-5. Two-leggedandtenonedanimals 107 3-6. Tenonedhawkcarving 108 3-7. Birdheadfragments andmiscellaneous carvings 109 3-8. Miscellaneousandutilitarian carvings 110 3-9. Runningpanthercarving insitu Ill 3-10. Planofcarvings inmortuarypond 112 3-11. Woodcarvings andburials insitu 113 4-1. Geographicextentof the "osseuosbestiary".... 137 4-2. Boneandantlercarvingsofbirds 138 4-3. Bone carvingsofmammals 139 4-4. Doeorjuvenilemaledeercarving, OnionKey... 140 4-5. Antlercarvingofbear, Fort Florida 140 4-6. Bone carvings fromNebot 141 4-7. Bone carvings of reptiles 142 4-8. Serpent carving, JupiterInlet 142 4-9. Rattlesnaketailpinheads 143 4-10. Bone carvings ofaquaticanimals 144 viii Figure page 4-11. Wheelingdolphins, KeyMarco 145 4-12. Dolphintablet, KeyMarco 145 4-13. Zoomorphicbonebead, MoundKey 146 4-14. Humanimages inbone 147 5-1. SECCthemesandmotifs 194 5-2. Mortuaryplaques 195 5-3. Planof "Courtof thePileDwellers" 196 5-4. Woodenfigureheads 197 5-5. Deerfigurehead 198 5-6. Alligatorfigurehead 199 5-7. Pelicanfigurehead 200 5-8. Seaturtleorfalconfigurehead 201 5-9. Paintedmasks 202 5-10. LongNosedGodmasks 203 5-11. Felinefigurine 204 5-12. Zoomorphictoolhandles 205 5-13. "Horned" alligatorboxlid, pigmentonwood.... 206 5-14. Crestedwoodpecker, pigmentonwood 207 5-15. Tenonedceremonial tablets, wood 208 5-16. DuckandDolphintablets, wood 209 5-17. Woodcarvings, BelleGlade 210 5-18. Vultureeffigytoolhandle, TickIsland 211 6-1. GeographyofWeedenIsland 233 6-2. SomeWeedenIslandvesselsanddesigns 234 6-3. WeedenIslandincisedmotifs 235 ix Figure page 6-4. Avianeffigies 236 6-5. Appliqueduckorspoonbilleffigies 237 6-6. Appliqueduckorspoonbilleffigies 238 6-7. WeedenIslandmammaleffigies 239 6-8. Deereffigyvessel, MoundField 240 6-9. Dogandvultureeffigyvessel, McKeithen 241 6-10. Rattlesnake/vultureeffigies 242 6-11. Humaneffigy, WareMound 243 6-12. WeedenIslandhumaneffigies 244 6-13. Additionalhumaneffigies 245 6-14. Woodeneffigy 246 7-1. LateGladestraditionsites 287 7-2. SafetyHarborbottles 288 7-3. SafetyHarborvessels 289 7-4. SafetyHarborIncisedbottle, True 290 7-5. SafetyHarborIncisedbottle, Picnic 291 7-6. PointWashingtonIncisedvessel, Tatham 292 7-7. SafetyHarborIncisedwithmedallionheads 293 7-8. Rectilinearmotifsinbone 294 7-9. Curvilinearmotifsinbone 295 7-10. Knotandbraidmotifs 296 7-11. Bonependants 297 7-12. Interlockingmotif 298 7-13. Loopandpendent-loopmotifs 299 7-14. Zoned-hatchedmotif 299 x