ANCESTRAL LEGACIES IN OSUN GROVE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBITION OF EARLY OSOGBO HISTORY This catalog is published by The Africana Studies Depart- ment , University of North Carolina at Charlo(cid:425)e EXHIBITION STAFF for the exhibi(cid:415)on ANCESTRAL LEGACIES IN OSUN GROVE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL Exhibi(cid:415)on Curator EXHIBITION OF EARLY OSOGBO HISTORY Akin Ogundiran August 19-25, 2011 Consul(cid:415)ng Curator Ajani Adigun Osun Grove Site Manager Charlo(cid:425)e Papers in Africana Studies, No. 4 (2012) Olakunle Makinde Catalog Author & Designer Akin Ogundiran 2012© Exhibi(cid:415)on Logis(cid:415)cs Manager Fatai Adekunle ISBN 978‐0‐9843449‐4‐9 All rights reserved Exhibi(cid:415)on Assistants No part of this publica(cid:415)on may be reproduced, u(cid:415)lized, or Shehu Adewale stored in any form without the permission in wri(cid:415)ng from the Mukaila Ayorinde author who bears the sole copyright for the publica(cid:415)on. Israel Babawale Owolabi Odeniyi The Exhibi(cid:415)on is Jointly Presented by Tolu Oyeniyi Africana Studies Department University of North Carolina at Charlo(cid:425)e, USA Isaac Otun and Saheed Quadri Na(cid:415)onal Commission for Museums and Monuments (Na(cid:415)onal Museum Osogbo) Federal Republic of Nigeria Curator’s Remark These past field seasons have been well spent traversing the Osun-Osogbo grove, digging into the deep wells of Osogbo histo- ry, and seeking sa(cid:415)sfactory answers to my numerous ques(cid:415)ons. I am pleased that the pioneering archaeological study in this UNESCO’s world heritage site has yielded frui(cid:414)ul results. Since we began the research project in 2003, we have excavated more than 120-square meter area and archaeologically surveyed about 20 hectares within the Osun Grove. Our archaeological teams have made very exci(cid:415)ng discoveries of some of the ancient remains of the founders of Osogbo, da(cid:415)ng to the early seventeenth century. This exhibi(cid:415)on represents a very humble a(cid:425)empt to present the results of our archaeological inves(cid:415)- ga(cid:415)ons to members of the public. You will encounter in this exhibi(cid:415)on few of the 20,000+ ar(cid:415)facts that we excavated. Each ar(cid:415)fact tells a compelling story about the history of Osogbo. Our research findings show that right from its incep(cid:415)on about 400 years ago, Osogbo was a cosmopolitan commu- nity of traders, ar(cid:415)sans, farmers, and hunters. These people originated from diverse places in Yoruba- land. They laid the founda(cid:415)on for a peaceful, interdependent, spiritual, and worldly community, even if some(cid:415)mes with contested interests. Their accomplishments foretold a peaceful and prosperous present and future. I hope this exhibi(cid:415)on of “Ancestral Legacies” inspires us to redouble our efforts for the recovery, preserva(cid:415)on, and study of our past, for the benefit of our common humanity. I am deeply grateful to the ins(cid:415)tu(cid:415)ons and individuals who have supported this project. Akin Ogundiran, Ph.D. Director of the Upper Osun Archaeological & Historical Research Project Osogbo, August 2011 3 In the Beginning… According to tradi(cid:415)ons, the history of Osogbo began in Ipole-Omu with the adventures of Timehin and Larooye. Many years ago, so the story goes, these two men led the migra(cid:415)ons that led to the se(cid:425)lement of people in different places within the present Osun-Osogbo grove. Ar(cid:415)s(cid:415)c Representa(cid:415)on of Timehin riding an Ar(cid:415)s(cid:415)c Impression of Larooye, elephant, Idi-Ogun, Osogbo Ataoja’s Palace, Osogbo 4 Archaeology of Osun‐Osogbo Grove A(cid:332)er more than seven years of research: involving archaeological survey and excava(cid:415)ons, we have iden(cid:415)fied one of the first sites of ancient Osogbo se(cid:425)lement in the Osun Grove. This early se(cid:425)lement was at Ohuntoto, the precursor to the present-day Osogbo Town. This exhibi(cid:415)on is about the ancient Osogbo se(cid:425)lement that was founded in Ohuntoto in the northwest sec(cid:415)on of the Osun Grove. Area of Archaeological Excava(cid:415)ons Area of Archaeological Survey 5 What is Archaeology? Archaeology is the recovery and study of the material remains of past cultures and socie(cid:415)es. Archae- ologists are trained in the university for many years. Their job is to systema(cid:415)cally search for, recover, document, and study ancient objects, landscapes, and contexts in order to educate the public and the scien(cid:415)fic community about the past lifeways and the implica(cid:415)ons for the present and future. Archaeology is one of the best ways to study the past because it gives us direct access to the remains of past cultures and socie(cid:415)es. It is by studying these past remains that we now have a richer under- standing of the ways of life of the pioneering se(cid:425)lers in Osogbo. The study of these ar(cid:415)facts will tell us a great deal about the economy, cra(cid:332)s, beliefs, sociopoli(cid:415)cal organiza(cid:415)on, foodways, and fashion styles, etc. of those ancestors. By so doing, we will have a be(cid:425)er understanding of ourselves, as indi- viduals and as a community. Le(cid:332). Members of the 2011 Excava(cid:415)on Team, including the Na(cid:415)onal Museum Osogbo Staff and field- laboratory assistants. 6 Se(cid:425)lement Phases in Early Osogbo There were two phases of se(cid:425)lement in Ohuntoto. The first and the earlier phase was the TIMEHIN period. This period was characterized by hun(cid:415)ng ac(cid:415)vi(cid:415)es. It is named a(cid:332)er one of the hunters of the period: Timehin. The man is s(cid:415)ll revered in the local lore as one of the greatest hunters of his (cid:415)me. We have found the remains of animal bones le(cid:332) behind by these hunters in the 80 sq. m. excavated unit—N25E59, located on Lat. N745º45.449' and Long. E4º32.922' at 339.2m above sea level. The picture above shows the oldest level in the unit. This was where the pioneering hunters butch- ered the animals that they killed. The bones of bush pig, gazelle, deer, monkey, and other large and small animals were found at the spots where these hunters camped. They o(cid:332)en le(cid:332) the head and the vertebrae of these animals in situ, taking the rest of the carcass to their camps to cook a(cid:332)er a long day or night of hun(cid:415)ng. 7 Se(cid:425)lement Phases (conts.) The second occupa(cid:415)on phase was the LAROOYE period. This is the upper level (B) as shown in the stra(cid:415)graphy below. During this phase, the Early Osogbo community was fully formed, and comprised of a diverse range of peoples pursuing mul(cid:415)ple occupa(cid:415)ons and ac(cid:415)vi(cid:415)es. During the LAROOYE period, the hun(cid:415)ng camp site (of the TIMEHIN period) was converted into a mul- (cid:415)-purpose site. As you will no(cid:415)ce in the subsequent sec(cid:415)ons, part of the site was used as a refuse dump, while another sec(cid:415)on was used for processing dyestuff, and yet another sec(cid:415)on for the manu- facture of glass beads. The LAROOYE deposits consist of a wide range of ar(cid:415)facts shown in this exhibi- (cid:415)on. Thousands of ar(cid:415)facts recovered from this mul(cid:415)purpose site are like jigsaw puzzles. Fi(cid:427)ng them to- gether will give us excellent pictures of the living condi(cid:415)ons of the Early Osogbo ancestors. To the right is the profile of the soil sediments that characterizes each period. The clay soil (C) represents the TIMEHIN phase, and the ash deposits (B) refers to the LAROOYE phase. The topsoil (A) denotes the period when the site was abandoned during the early eighteenth century. The TIMEHIN phase has been dated, using standard radiocarbon da(cid:415)ng techniques, to the period between 1590 and 1620 AD. Approxim ately, this means that Early Osogbo se(cid:425)lement at Ohuntoto dates to the early seventeenth century. 8 Regional Geography and Network By the late 17th century, Early Osogbo was a thriving commercial and cra(cid:332)s center in Yorubaland. Its loca(cid:415)on on the savanna and rainforest boundary was an advantage, making Early Osogbo an ac(cid:415)ve mee(cid:415)ng point for peoples from several small– and large-scale socie(cid:415)es, each with diverse commodi- (cid:415)es and tradi(cid:415)ons. The poli(cid:415)cal stability of the nascent community must have encouraged upstart young men and women to se(cid:425)le in Early Osogbo. Archaeology bears witness that Early Osogbo at Ohuntoto was an entrepot for traders as far as Old Oyo in the north, and Ijesaland, Ife, Ijebuland, and Owu in the south. 9 Cra(cid:332)s and Technology A fragment of glass bead crucible and many pieces of glass cullet (glass wastes and blanks) have been found in Ohuntoto. These cons(cid:415)tute evidence of glass bead produc(cid:415)on, making Osogbo the second site in Yorubaland (and indeed, West Africa) where we have evidence of likely primary glass bead produc(cid:415)on. Un(cid:415)l now, such evidence has come only from Ile-Ife. Glass bead produc(cid:415)on is a very complicated process. It requires a very high level of skills in pyrotech- nology—that is, the control of fire and understanding of the chemistry of the soil in high tempera- tures. Manufacture of glass beads is a tes(cid:415)mony to the technological advancement of the Early Osog- bo community. It shows that at least a family of bead-makers was living in the se(cid:425)lement. It is likely that these bead-makers made use of mainly local materials for their products. Glass beads (segi) were highly prized as the ul(cid:415)mate emblem of status and wealth within the Yoruba cultural, socioeconomic, and poli(cid:415)cal matrices of pow- Glass Bead Crucible er, authority, and valua(cid:415)on. It is a form of social wealth and poli(cid:415)cal capital that is highly desired by the elite— kings and chiefs. Osogbo must have enjoyed a pride of place as a source of such objects of immense value. Right. Pieces of the Excavated Bead Cullet 10
Description: