Anatomy and Human Movement - Structure and Function 4th ed. - N. Palastanga, et. al., (B-H, 2002) WW PDF
Preview Anatomy and Human Movement - Structure and Function 4th ed. - N. Palastanga, et. al., (B-H, 2002) WW
Anatomy and Human Movement This page intentionally left blank ANATOMY AND HUMAN MOVEMENT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION FOURTH EDITION NIGEL PALASTANGA MA, BA, FCSP, DMS, DipTP Dean of Healthcare Studies and Head of Department of Physiotherapy, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK DEREK FIELD FCSP, Grad Dip Phys, DipTP, SRP Formerly Vice Principal, North London School of Physiotherapy, London, UK ROGER SOAMES Bsc, PHD Head, Department of Human Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK U T T E R W O R T H E I N E M A N N OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI B H Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier Science Limited Robert Stevenson House 1-3 Baxter's Place, Leith Walk, Edinburgh, EH1 3AF An imprint of Elsevier Science Ltd First published 1989 First published as a paperback edition 1990 Second edition 1994 Third edition 1998 Fourth edition 2002 Reprinted 2002 © N. Palastanga, D. Field, R. Soames 1989, 1994, 1998, 2002 © Chapter 8 n. Bogduk 1989, 1994, 1998, 2002 All rights reseved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, WIT 4LP UK. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 5241 1 Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press your source for books, journals and multimedia in the health sciences www.elsevierhealth.com ELSEVIER SCIENCE Contents Preface to the first edition Preface to the fourth edition 1 . Introduction Terminology Levers Terms used in describing movement Components of the musculoskeletal system Spin roll and slide Early embryology Summary of the stages of development 2. Skin, its appendages and special senses Introduction Structure Appendages of the skin Glands Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the skin Nerves of the skin Application The ear The eye 3. The upper limb Introduction Development of the musculoskeletal system BONES Pectoral girdle The humerus The forearm The carpus The hand MUSCLES Movements of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles retracting the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles protracting the pectoral (shoulder) girdle Muscles elevating the pectoral (shoulder) girdle ix X 1 3 4 5 6 16 17 22 23 25 26 29 30 31 31 31 31 34 41 43 43 48 48 51 53 57 59 61 61 61 64 66 Muscles laterally rotating the pectoral (shoulder) girdle 67 Muscles medially rotating the pectoral (shoulder) girdle 68 Muscles stabilizing the clavicle Movements of the shoulder joint Muscles abducting the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles flexing the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles extending the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles adducting the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles medially rotating the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles laterally rotating the arm at the shoulder joint Muscles flexing the elbow joint Muscles extending the elbow joint Muscles supinating the forearm Muscles pronating the forearm Muscles flexing the wrist Muscles flexing the fingers Muscles flexing the thumb Muscles extending the wrist Muscles extending the fingers Muscles extending the thumb Muscles abducting/adducting/ opposing the thumb Muscles abducting/adducting/ opposing the fingers Fasciae of the upper limb Simple activities of the upper limb JOINTS The pectoral girdle The sternoclavicular joint The acromioclavicular joint The shoulder joint The elbow joint Radioulnar articulations The superior radioulnar joint The inferior radioulnar joint The wrist The radiocarpal joint The intercarpal joints The midcarpal joint Articulations within the hand 68 68 69 71 72 74 75 76 78 81 84 85 86 89 92 94 96 99 101 104 106 109 114 114 115 120 126 142 154 156 159 163 164 168 169 177 VI CONTENTS The common carpometacarpal joint The intermetacarpal joints The joints of the thumb The joints of the fingers NERVE SUPPLY The brachial plexus Dermatomes of the upper limb BLOOD SUPPLY The arteries and pulses The veins LYMPHATICS 4. The lower limb Introduction Development of the musculoskeletal system BONES Pelvic girdle The innominate (hip) bone The sacrum The coccyx The femur The patella The tibia The fibula The bony structure of the foot The tarsals The metatarsals The phalanges MUSCLES Muscles around the hip joint Muscles extending the hip joint Muscles abducting the hip joint Muscles adducting the hip joint Muscles flexing the hip joint Muscles medially rotating the hip joint Muscles laterally rotating the hip joint Muscles producing movement of the knee joint Muscles flexing the knee joint Muscles extending the knee joint Muscles laterally rotating the tibia at the knee joint Muscles medially rotating the tibia at the knee joint Muscles plantarflexing the ankle joint 179 181 181 188 201 201 211 213 213 215 218 219 221 223 227 227 228 232 234 234 237 237 240 241 242 244 244 246 246 246 251 253 256 260 260 263 263 266 270 271 272 Muscles dorsiflexing the ankle joint Muscles inverting the foot Muscles everting the foot Muscles extending the toes Muscles flexing the toes Abduction and adduction of the toes Muscles abducting the toes Muscles adducting the toes Fasciae of the lower limb Simple activities of the lower limb JOINTS Joints of the pelvis The scaroiliac joint The symphysis pubis The lumbrosacral joint The sacrococcygeal joint The hip joint The knee joint Tibiofibular articulations The superior tibiofibular joint The inferior tibiofibular joint The ankle joint Joints of the foot The subtalar joint The talacalcaneonavicular joint The calcaneocuboid joint The transverse (mid) tarsal joint The cuneonavicular joint The intercuneiform joints The cuneocuboid joint The tarsometatarsal joints The intermetatarsal joints The metatarsophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints NERVE SUPPLY Introduction The lumbar plexus The lumbosacral plexus The sacral plexus Dermatomes of the lower limb BLOOD SUPPLY The arteries The veins LYMPHATICS 5. The trunk and neck Introduction BONES Lumbar vertebrae 275 276 277 281 285 290 290 292 293 297 304 304 304 310 312 315 315 334 372 372 374 378 391 395 398 399 402 405 406 406 406 408 410 412 422 422 422 426 432 432 434 434 438 440 443 445 453 453 VII CONTENTS Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae The vertebral column The thoracic cage The ribs The sternum MUSCLES Muscles producing movements of the trunk and thorax Muscles flexing the trunk Muscles extending the trunk Muscles rotating the trunk Muscles laterally flexing the trunk Muscles raising intra-abdominal pressure The inguinal canal Muscles of the pelvic floor Muscles producing inspiration Muscles producing expiration Fasciae of the trunk Simple activities of the trunk Muscles of the neck Muscles flexing the neck Muscles flexing the head and neck Muscles flexing the head on the neck Muscles laterally flexing the neck Muscles laterally flexing the head and neck Muscles laterally flexing the head on the neck Muscles extending the neck Muscles extending the head and neck Muscles extending the head on the neck Muscles rotating the neck Muscles rotating the head and neck Muscles rotating the head on the neck JOINTS Articulations of the vertebral column Joints between vertebral bodies The uncovertebral joints Joints between vertebral arches The zygapophyseal joints The atlantoaxial articulations The lateral antlantoaxial joints The median atlantoaxial joint The atlanto-occipital joint Joints of the thorax 454 455 457 460 460 463 466 466 466 469 472 473 474 475 476 478 482 483 484 485 486 487 487 487 489 489 490 490 490 490 490 490 492 492 493 499 499 500 502 502 502 504 531 Articulations of the ribs and their costal cartilages NERVE SUPPLY The cervical plexus 6. The head BONES Introduction The skull The mandible The hyoid bone MUSCLES Muscles which change the shape of the face Movements of the eyebrows Muscles around the eye Muscles around the nose Muscles around the mouth Muscles moving the mandible Muscles elevating the mandible Muscles retracting the mandible Muscles protracting the mandible Muscles depressing the mandible Muscles depressing the hyoid bone Muscles elevating the hyoid bone Mastication and swallowing (deglutition) JOINTS The temporomandibular joint 7. The viscera THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Introduction Development of the cardiovascular system The heart The great vessels THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Introduction Development of the respiratory system Upper respiratory tract The lungs and pleura THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Introduction Development of the digestive system Oral cavity Pharynx and oesophagus Abdomen and pelvis 533 538 538 541 543 543 543 549 550 551 551 552 552 553 553 554 555 556 557 557 559 560 560 562 562 569 571 571 571 574 579 580 580 580 581 583 588 588 588 590 592 592 viii CONTENTS Abdominal regions Chewing and swallowing THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM Introduction Development of the urinary system The urinary system Development of the genital system Female reproductive system THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Glands 594 597 598 598 598 598 602 604 608 608 8. The nervous system Introduction Cellular structure Interneural connections Myelination Structure of a peripheral nerve The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system The autonomic nervous system Index 611 613 613 613 614 616 617 644 653 661 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Professor Nikolai Bogduk of the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia for his extremely valuable contribution The Nervous System. Preface to the first edition We have designed and written this book for the student of anatomy who is concerned with the study of the living body, and who wishes to use this knowledge functionally for a greater understanding of the mechan- isms which allow movement to take place. Traditional anatomy texts are written as an adjunct to the study of the human body in the dissecting room; but only the surgeon has the advantage of directly viewing living musculoskeletal structures. The vast major- ity of students interested in musculoskeletal anatomy as well as those involved with human movement and its disorders are confronted by an intact skin, and therefore must visualize the structures involved by palpation and analysis of movement. Anat- omy and Human Movement presents the musculoskeletal structures as a living dy- namic system - an approach lacking in many existing text-books. The applied anatomy of the musculoskeletal system occupies the greater part of the book, and is built up from a study of the bones and muscles (which are grouped according to their major functions, rather than as seen in the dissect- ing room) to a consideration of joints and their biomechanics. Anatomical descriptions of each joint are given with a detailed explanation of how it functions, the forces generated across it and how it might fail. We have placed great emphasis on the joints as these are of major concern to those interested in active movement and passive manipulation, and we give examples of common traumatic or pathological problems affecting the structures described. Where possible we describe palpation and analyse movement with respect to the joints and muscles involved, as well as any accessory movements. The course and distribution of the major peripheral nerves and blood vessels, together with the lymphatic drai- nage of the region are given at the end of each relevant section. There are separate chapters on embryology, the skin and its appendages, and we have included, in the introduction, a section on the terminology used in the book. There is also an account of the structure and function of the nervous system written by Nikolai Bogduk whose contribution has been extremely valuable. The format of the book matches a page of text to a page of illustrations, whenever possible, and we hope that this will allow the reader to confirm his or her understanding of the text with the visual information provided. The book is extensively illustrated with large, clear, fully-labelled diagrams, all of which have been specially prepared. In the sections covering the joints and biome- chanics the illustrations have been drawn by Roger Soames, and these are particularly detailed as they pull together the anatomy from the previous parts of that chapter. We hope that this new approach to the teaching of anatomy will serve to fill the gap which has always existed for those who have to learn their anatomy on a living subject, and eventually have to determine their diagnoses and apply their treatments through an intact skin. Nigel Palastanga, Derek field, Roger Soames 1989
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