Anatolia: The Celts in Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule

290 Pages·1995·13.165 MB·English

by  Stephen Mitchell

Anatolia, I
For Matina
Froh empfind' ich mich nun aut klassischem Boden begeistert,
Vor- und Mitwelt spricht lauter und reizender mir.
Hier befolg' ich den Rat, durchblättre die Werke der Alten
Mit geschäftiger Hand, täglich mit neuem Genuß.
Aber die Nächte hindurch hält Amor mich anders beschäftigt;
Werd' ich auch halb nur gelehn, bin ich doch doppelt beglückt.
Anatolia
Land, Men, and Gods in
Asia Minor
Volume I
The Celts in Anatolia and
the Impact of Roman Rule
STEPHEN MITCHELL
CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD
vi PREFACE
I would like in particular to thank three friends has been extensively and brilliantly explored over
who have been among my closest colleagues during the the last century; archaeologically most of the region
period of the composition of this book. Barbara Levick remains terra incognita. It is certain that the picture of
has read the whole manuscript and offered a host of the culture and society of Anatolia offered in this book
suggestions for improvement at all levels. Her level­ will require alteration in the light of new finds in the
headed good sense and boundless energy have been a years ahead. 1 am certain that new archaeological dis­
constant inspiration and encouragement. I have also coveries and further appraisal of the non-documentary
been privileged to spend long hours and days in the record will be the cause of the most drastic revisions.
field with two of the finest archaeologists working in The index is largely the work of Bill MacKeith and I
Turkey today, David French, the director of the British hope that readers will be as grateful to him as 1 am.
Institute at Ankara; and Marc Waelkens. What I owe I owe a debt of another kind to my family. My
to their publications may be judged from my footnotes; parents have been a constant source of moral and
it is outweighed by what I have learnt at first hand material support. The full brunt has fallen on my wife.
from their efforts to make sense of the material legacy Only she knows what the effort of composition has
of Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia, which has only cost. 1 trust to Goethe's lines to express the feelings
begun to receive the attention that it deserves in recent behind my dedication.
years. The documentary record of Anatolian history
S.M.
Contents
Contents to Volume II page ix
List of Maps xi
List of Figures xiii
Abbreviations xiv
ι Introduction ι
I The Celts in Anatolia τ ι
The Galatians in the Hellenistic World 13
1 Invasion 13
n Settlement in Central Anatolia 19
in The Galatians, Pergamum, and Rome 21
3 The Allies of Rome 27
1 Tribal Organization and Political Structure 27
и Rome in Asia Minor, 133-63 вс 29
πι The Settlement of Pompey 31
iv Galatia during the Civil Wars 34
4 Ethnography and Settlement of the Anatolian Celts 42
1 Tribes and Leaders 42
11 Warfare 44
HI Clients and Slaves 46
iv Religion 47
ν Language 50
vi The Settlement of Galatia 5 т
II The Impact of Roman Rule 59
5 In formam provinciáé redacta: Annexation and the Framework of
Roman Administration 61
6 The Pacification of the Taurus 70
7 City Foundations and Urban Growth 80
1 The Graeco-Roman City 80
π Central Anatolia before Augustus 81
in Augustan City Foundations 86
iv City Foundations from Tiberius to Hadrian: The North 91
ν City Foundations from Tiberius to Hadrian: The South 94
vi Cappadocia: The Exception 97
viii CONTENTS
8 The Imperial Cult too
9 The Euphrates Frontier and the Impact of the Roman Armies:
Garrisons, Roads, and Recruitment n8
ι Garrisons IT8
и Roads and the Impact of Military Traffic 124
HI Legionary Recruitment 136
io Estates and the Land M3
ι The Physical Setting M3
n The Pattern of Settlement 148
in Estates in Galatia 49
iv Estates in Phrygia, Bithynia, and Lydia 158
ν Estate Administration 162
II Rura! Anatolia 165
ι Two Views from the City 165
n Ethnic Diversity 170
in Villages and Rural Communities 176
iv Villagers in Consort: The Organization of Large Villages 181
ν The Rule of the Gods: Authority, Order, and Morality in Village
Life 187
vi Worlds Apart
195
12 The Development of the Cities 198
ι Changing Characteristics of City Life 198
и Administration and the Civic Community 199
in Civic Patriotism and Benefactions 206
iv Public Buildings 21Γ
ν Agonistic Festivals ¿17
vi Central Anatolia: An Exception? "5
Crisis and Continuity in the Third Century
2.2.7
ι Introduction
2.2.7
u Militarization 228
in Brigandage and Insurrection
234
iv Goths and Sassanians: The External Threat
235
ν The Resilience of the Countryside
239
4 Tax, Grain, and the Economy 241
ι Reconstructing the Ancient Economy 241
π City and Country: The Economic Relationship
243
in Central Anatolia under Grain and the Problem of Transport
245
iv Supplies for Troops 250
ν Grain Supply and Living Standards in Cities and Villages
253
VII Local Coinage and Money Taxes 255
VII Economic Growth and Urbanization 257
General Index
261
Contents to Volume II
Contents to Volume I page ix
List of Figures xi
List of Maps xii
A bbreviations xiii
III The Rise of the Church ι
15 Christian Origins 3
16 Pagans, Jews, and Christians from the First to the Third Century 11
1 Pagan Worship 11
n The Indigenous Cults of Anatolia 19
in Jews 31
iv Christians 37
ν One God in Heaven 43
17 From Pagan to Christian: Social and Civic Transformations in the
Fourth Century 53
1 Gregory the Wonder-Worker and the Age of Conversion 53
11 Dominant Christian Groups before Constantine 57
in Persecution, Martyrdom, and the Importance of Saints 64
iv Rural Christianity in the Fourth Century: Cappadocia 66
ν Cities, Bishops, and Imperial Authorities 73
vi Pagan Culture in Fourth-Century Ancyra 84
vu Julian 88
viu Christians in Fourth-Century Ancyra 91
ix The Novatian Church in Asia Minor 96
χ The Epigraphy of the Anatolian Heresies 100
18 The Rise of Monasticism from the Fourth to the Sixth Century 109
1 The Origins of Anatolian Monasticism 109
11 The Spread and Impact of Monastic Christianity 114
in Social Change in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries 119
19 Central Anatolia at the End of Antiquity: The Life of Saint Theodore
ofSykeon 122
1 The World of Theodore of Sykeon 122
11 The Making of a Holy Man 134
in Exorcism and Cure: The Saint in Action 139
iv Possession and Christian Belief 144
Appendix 1. Provincial Boundaries in Asia Minor, 25 BC-AD 235 151
Appendix 2. Provincial Boundaries in Asia Minor, AD 235-535 158
General Index 165
χ CONTENTS TO VOLUME II
Index of Personal Names
Index of Non-Christian Cults
Index of Places and Peoples
List of Maps
1 Asia Minor: Physical features between pages ι and г
2 The Galatian invasions of Greece and Asia Minor page 14
3 Kingdoms and Roman provinces in Anatolia in
the first century вс at end
4 (a) Galatian settlements page 52
(b) The archaeological and historical evidence 53
5 The Pisidian Taurus at end
6 The cities of centra! Anatolia from Augustus to Hadrian page 99
7 The Roman military presence in western Anatolia IZO
H Roads, garrisons, and recruitment in central Asia Minor τ 30
9 The Euphrates frontier Ч*
IO Central Anatolia: Imperial and private estates at end
I I Lydia and western Phrygia page 190