Analysis of the Composition and Structure of Glass and Glass Ceramics PDF
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Analysis of the Composition and Structure of Glass and Glass Ceramies Schott Series on Glass and Glass Ceramics Science, Technology, and Applications Low Thermal Expansion Glass Ceramies ISBN 3-540-58598-2 Fibre Optics and Glass Integrated Optics ISBN 3-540-58595-8 The Properties of Optical Glass ISBN 3-540-58357-2 Thin Films on Glass ISBN 3-540-58597-4 Electrochemistry of Glasses and Glass Melts ISBN 3-540-58608-3 Surface Analysis of Glasses and Glass Ceramics, and Coatings ISBN 3-540-58609-1 Analysis of the Composition and Structure ofGlass and Glass Ceramies ISBN 3-540-5861 0-5 Hans Bach Dieter Krause Editors Analysis of the Composition and Structure of Glass and Glass Ceramies With 254 Figures 9 of them in Colour and 77 Tables i Springer Editors Dr. Hans Bach Prof. Dr. Dieter Krause Schott Glas Hattenbergstr.l0 D-55122 Mainz, Germany Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Analysis of the composition and structure of glass and glass ceramics I Hans Bach, Dieter Krause, editors. p. cm. -- (Schott series on glass and glass ceramics) lncludes bibliographical references and index. 1. Glass--Analysis. 2. Glass-ceramics--Analysis. 1. Bach, Hans, 1930- . H. Krause, Dieter, 1933- H1. Series. QD139.GSAS 1999 620.1' 44--dc21 99-44342 ClP ISBN 978-3-642-08207-8 ISBN 978-3-662-03746-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03746-1 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Ver lag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1999 The use of design at ions, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The following trademarks used in this book are registered trademarks of Schott Glas or of Schott Group companies, respectively: Duran, Fiolax, Kovar, Suprax, Vacon. Other trademarks mentioned in this book (e.g., Herasil, Pyrex, Suprasil) are registered trademarks of other companies. Cover design: Meta Design, Berlin Typesetting: Computer to film from editors data Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 10488268 56/3142PS 5432 1 0 Foreword This book, entitled Analysis of the Composition and Structure of Glass and Glass Ceramies, is one of aseries reporting on research and development activities on products and processes conducted by the Schott Group. The scientifically founded development of new products and technical pro cesses has traditionally been of vital importance to Schott and has always been performed on a scale determined by the prospects for application of our special glasses. Since the reconstruction of the Schott Glaswerke in Mainz, the scale has increased enormously. The range of expert knowledge required could never have been supplied by Schott alone. It is also a tradition in our company to cultivate collaboration with customers, universities, and research institutes. Publications in numerous technical journals, which since 1969 we have edited to a regular schedule as Forschungsberichte - 'research reports' - describe the results of these cooperations. They contain up-to-date infor mation on various topics for the expert but are not suited as survey material for those whose standpoint is more remote. This is the point where we would like to place our series, to stimulate the exchange of thoughts, so that we can consider from different points of view the possibilities offered by those incredibly versatile materials, glass and glass ceramies. We would like to share the knowledge won through our research and development at Schott in cooperation with the users of our materials with scientists and engineers, interested customers and friends, and with the employees of our firm. Though the results documented in the volumes of the Schott Series are of course oriented to the tasks and targets of a company, we believe that readers can nevertheless - or just for that very reason - find demanding challenges for the development of process engineering, the characterization of measurement practice, and for applied research. Besides realizability, the profitability of solutions to customers' problems always plays a decisive role. The first comprehensive presentation of research findings after the recon struction of the factory in Mainz was edited by Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Erich Schott in 1959. It was entitled Beiträge zur angewandten Glasforschung - 'contribu tions to applied glass research' (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Stuttgart 1959). Since then, there has been an extraordinary worldwide in crease in the application of glass and glass ceramic materials. Glass fibres and VI Foreword components manufactured from them for use in lighting and trafiic engineer ing or in telecommunications, high-purity and highly homogeneous glasses for masks and projection lenses in electronics, or glass ceramics with zero ex pansion in astronomy and in household appliance technology are only some examples. In many of these fields Schott has made essential contributions. Due to the breadth and complexity of the Schott activities, it takes several volumes to describe the company's research and development results. Oth erwise it would be impossible to do full justice to the fundamental research work and technological innovation that is indispensable for product develop ment, and to give an appropriate description of the methods of measurement and analysis needed for the development and manufacture of new products. Three volumes, entitled The Properties 0/ Optical Glass, Low Thermal Expansion Glass Ceramies, and Thin Films on Glass, have already been pub lished. Another three volumes, entitled Sur/ace Analysis 0/ Glasses and Glass Ceramies, and Coatings; Fibre Optics and Glass Integrated Optics; Electro chemistry 0/ Glasses and Glass Metts, are in preparation and will be published in the next few years. Glasses for various applications in industry and sci ence and their properties are being considered, and melting and processing technologies described. With the presentation - in part detailed - of the work required for the development of successful products, Schott employees are giving all their in terested colleagues working in the field of science and technology an insight into the special experiences and successes in material science, material de velopment, and the application of materials at Schott. Contributions from scientists and engineers who work at universities and other research insti tutes and who played an essential role in Schott developments complete the survey of what has been achieved and prove the usefulness of the collabora tions mentioned above. In all the volumes of the series the fundamental issues from chemistry, physics, and engineering are dealt with, or at least studies are cited that en able or assist the reader to work his or her own way into the topics treated. Thus, the series may serve to fill gaps between the basic knowledge imparted by textbooks on material science and the product descriptions published by Schott. We see this as the best way to enable all our potential business part ners who are not already familiar with glass and glass ceramics to compare these materials with alternatives on a thoroughly scientific basis. We hope that this will lead to intense technical discussions and collaborations on new fields of applications of our materials and products, to our mutual advantage. Every volume of the Schott Series will begin with a chapter providing a general idea of the current problems, results, and trends relating to the subjects treated. These introductory chapters and the reviews of the basic principles are intended for readers dealing for the first time with the special properties of glass and glass ceramic materials and their surface treatment in engineering, science, and education. Foreword VII Many of our German clients are accustomed to reading scientific and technical publications in English, and most of our foreign customers are better conversant with English than with German. We therefore decided to publish the Schott Series in English. The publication of the Schott Series has been substantially supported by Springer-Verlag. We would like to express our special thanks to Dr. H. K. V. Lotsch and Dr. H. J. Kölsch for advice and assistance in this project. The investment of resources by Schott and its employees to produce the Schott Series is, as already stated, necessary for the interdisciplinary dia logue and collaboration that are traditional at Schott. A model we still find exemplary today of a fruitful dialogue between fundamental research, glass research, and glass manufacture was achieved in the collaboration between Ernst Abbe, Otto Schott, and Carl Zeiss. It resulted in the manufacturing of optical microseopes that realized in practice the maximum theoretically achievable resolution. It was especially such experiences that shaped the for mulation of the founding statute of the Carl Zeiss Foundation, and the ini tiative for the Schott Series is in accord with the commitment expressed in the founding statute "to promote methodical scientific studies" . Mainz, September 1999 Dieter Krause Vice President R & D (retd.) Preface Glass and glass ceramics are materials whose properties strongly depend on the chemical composition and on the - at least in parts - complex non crystalline structure. Development and manufacture of these materials there fore requires sophisticated tools to predict the properties of new recipes, to control or monitor the production processes, and to support troubleshooting. The staff members who apply these characterization methods must becom petent, always prepared for immediate action, and able to respond readily to customers queries concerning measurement results. Permanent improve ment and cost reduction of the chemical or physical techniques is obligatory, as is quality assurance by cross-checking results with equivalently experi enced international laboratories. Moreover, well-known methods must often be adapted to meet the specific requirements of the (highly insulating) glass sampies. The main aim of Analysis of the Composition and Structure of Class and Class Ceramies is to give instructions to those readers whose daily work is the analysis of the chemical composition or the identification of structure elements in practice. The book is conceived as a monograph. However, the individual chapters have been written by different or several authors, who are themselves active in the corresponding fields of research, development, or ser vice. Thus, the reader is given direct access to the expertise of these authors, some ofwhom are employees of our subsidiary Schott Glass Technologies Inc., Duryea, Pennsylvania, USA; others are scientists in research institutes such as the Forschungszentrum J ülich, J ülich, or the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA; still others are or were with the uni versities in Berlin, Darmstadt, Jena, and Mainz. Variations in style and type of presentation, reflecting the individuality of the authors, we believed to be of minor importance. Schott has always significantly contributed to the improvement and quality assurance of chemical and physical analytical methods. As a con sequence, our service laboratories were awarded an accreditation according to DIN EN 45001 and DIN EN ISO 9002 by an independent organization as test laboratories for qualitative and quantitative element analysis, and struc ture determination. In this book we give an overview of the methods available and the present capabilities of the Schott laboratories, including those of our X Preface co-operating partners, without striving for completeness by reproducing the excellent literature available. In Chap. 1 an overview is given which includes definitions of the terms used and descriptions of public regulations, suitability of various methods for the task in question, and the strategic process of selecting the most effective tools. Chapter 2 gives detailed instructions for qualitative and quantitative anal ysis of the chemical composition of a wide variety of samp ies: bulk glass, cullet, dust, sludge, and waste water. Sampling and sampie preparation for "wet chemistry" or direct instrumental analysis as weIl as peculiarities of the analysis of trace elements, element species, and water and gas content are described. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the determination, description, and interpreta tion of the quasi-static structure of oxide materials. Many features of complex glassy systems can be understood on the basis of a quantitative thermody namic treatment of mixed phases. Computer simulation is a powerful tool which helps to identify and to understand the indirectly determined complex atomic structure elements, and which is applied with increasing frequency. Glasses are not apriori homogeneous and isotropic. Their state depends on the details of the manufacturing process. Flow-induced anisotropy can be either the result of intention or the consequence of unsuitable processes. Glasses are not in thermal equilibrium and are therefore subject to more or less pronounced aging phenomena. Chapter 4 treats these relaxation pro cesses, which reflect the dynamics of the glass structure. Undesirable changes in properties are potentially induced by drifting with time, devitrification, phase separation, etc.; on the other hand, nucleation and crystallization can be intentionally induced to create an entirely new class of materials and products, namely glass ceramics. Chapter 5 treats chemical resistance, which is a property of high practical importance. Corrosion, followed by ion release into the surrounding medium can be intolerable for pharmaceutical packaging, for example. Quantitative testing according to specific standards, the details of the chemical interface reactions, the development of improved glass compositions, and the thermo dynamics responsible for all these phenomena are treated in detail. FinaIly, in Chap. 6, the detection and diagnosis of local defects in glasses is described. Bubbles, inclusions, reaction products with refractories, met al particles, and phase separation can cause severe problems in glass production. Very specific methods are needed to detect and avoid these defects in the future. In summary, all the information given in this book shows how much suc cessful development and production depends on the availability of sophist i cated analytical tools. Often strong feedback and many fresh attempts at meeting a moving target are required. The literat ure cited should help the interested reader or teacher to find access to more detailed presentations.
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