An Introduction to Clinical Emergency Medicine, 2nd edition

912 Pages·2012·21.487 MB·English

by  S. V. Mahadevan (Editor), Gus M. Garmel (Editor)

An Introduction to
Clinical
Emergency
Medicine
Second edition

An Introduction to
Clinical
Emergency
Medicine
Second edition
Edited by
S.V. Mahadevan, MD
Associate Chief, Division of Emergency Medicine
Associate Professor of Surgery (Emergency Medicine)
Director, Stanford Emergency Medicine International
Stanford University School of Medicine, and
Emergency Department Medical Director
Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
Gus M. Garmel, MD
Co-Program Director, Stanford/Kaiser Emergency Medicine Residency
Clinical Professor (Affiliated) of Surgery (Emergency Medicine)
Clerkship Director, Surgery 313D (Emergency Medicine)
Stanford University School of Medicine
Senior Staff Emergency Physician, The Permanente Medical Group
Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA, USA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521747769
© C ambridge University Press 2 005, 2012
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
Second edition published 2012
First edition published 2005
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
L ibrary of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
An introduction to clinical emergency medicine / edited by S.V. Mahadevan,
Gus M. Garmel. – 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-74776-9 (pbk.)
1. Emergency medicine – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Emergency medicine – Diagnosis.
I. Mahadevan, Swaminatha V. II. Garmel, Gus. M. III. Title: Clinical emergency medicine.
[DNLM: 1. Emergency Treatment – methods. 2. Emergency Medicine – methods.]
RC86.8.I59 2012
616.02’5 – dc22 20120009587
ISBN 978-0-521-74776-9 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites
referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards
and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the
identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained
herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors,
editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this
book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they
plan to use.
Contents
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
Contributors xi
Foreword xvii
Foreword to the 1st edition xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Preface xxiii
Dedication xxv
Section 1 Principles of Emergency Medicine
1 Approach to the emergency patient 3
Gus M. Garmel, MD
2 Airway management 19
S.V. Mahadevan, MD and Shannon Sovndal, MD
3 Cardiopulmonary and cerebral resuscitation 41
Brian Lin, MD and Matthew Strehlow, MD
4 Cardiac dysrhythmias 55
Swaminatha V. Gurudevan, MD
5 Severe sepsis and septic shock 73
Emanuel P. Rivers, MD, MPH, IOM, Anja Kathrin Jaehne, MD and Gilbert Abou Dagher, MD
6 Shock 87
Jairo I. Santanilla, MD and Peter M.C. DeBlieux, MD
7 Traumatic injuries 95
David Manthey, MD and Kim Askew, MD
8 Emergency medical services 115
Jeffrey M. Goodloe, MD and Paul D. Biddinger, MD
9 Pain management 127
Eustacia (Jo) Su, MD
Section 2 Primary Complaints
10 Abdominal pain 139
S .V. Mahadevan, MD
Contents v
C 11 Abnormal behavior 153
o
n
te Tim Meyers, MD and Gus M. Garmel, MD
n
t
s
12 Alcohol-related emergencies 163
John S. Rose, MD and Erik G. Laurin, MD
13 Allergic reactions and anaphylactic syndromes 177
S teven Go, MD
14 Altered mental status 185
Barry Simon, MD and Flavia Nobay, MD
15 Bleeding 197
Jonathan E. Davis, MD
16 Burns 207
David A. Wald, DO
17 Chest pain 221
Jeffrey A. Tabas, MD and Susan B. Promes, MD
18 Constipation 237
Anthony FT Brown, MBChB and Victoria Brazil, MBBS
19 Crying and irritability 245
Lee W. Shockley, MD and Katherine Bakes, MD
20 Dental pain 255
K ip Benko, MD
21 Diabetes-related emergencies 271
Christopher RH Newton, MD and Stefanie A. Simmons, MD
22 Diarrhea 279
Rawle A. Seupaul, MD
23 Dizziness and vertigo 289
Andrew K. Chang, MD
24 Ear pain, nosebleed and throat pain (ENT)
24A Ear pain 301
Gregory H. Gilbert, MD and S.V. Mahadevan, MD
vi Contents
24B Nosebleed 313
C
o
Gregory H. Gilbert, MD n
t
24C Throat pain 321 e
n
t
Alice Chiao, MD and Michelle Huston, MD s
25 Extremity trauma 333
Dan Garza, MD and Gregory W. Hendey, MD
26 Eye pain, redness and visual loss 357
Janet G. Alteveer, MD
27 Fever in adults 375
Gus M. Garmel, MD
28 Fever in children 393
L ynne McCullough, MD
29 Gastrointestinal bleeding 405
H. Brendan Kelleher, MD and Stuart P. Swadron, MD
30 H eadache 415
Gino A. Farina, MD and Kumar Alagappan, MD
31 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies 429
Robert Galli, MD and Loretta Jackson-Williams, MD
32 Joint pain 437
Melissa J. Lamberson, MD and Douglas W. Lowery-North, MD, MSPH
33 Low back pain 449
Mel Herbert, MD, MBBS, BMEDSCI, Mary Lanctot-Herbert, MSN, FNP-C and S.V. Mahadevan, MD
34 Pelvic pain 461
Peter G. Kumasaka, MD
35 Rash 475
Jamie Collings, MD and Emily Doelger, MD
36 Scrotal pain 491
Jonathan E. Davis, MD
37 Seizures 503
Mary Beth Johnson, MD and Stephen R. Hayden, MD
Contents vii
C 38 Shortness of breath in adults 515
o
n
te Sharon E. Mace, MD
n
t
s
39 Shortness of breath in children 531
Ghazala Q. Sharieff, MD
40 Syncope 545
A mal Mattu, MD
41 Toxicologic emergencies 559
Steven A. McLaughlin, MD and Randall Myers, MD
42 Urinary-related complaints 571
Fred A. Severyn, MD
43 Vaginal bleeding 583
Pamela L. Dyne, MD and Rita Oregon, MD
44 Vomiting 597
Jennifer A. Oman, MD, MBA
45 Weakness 607
R. Jason Thurman, MD and Alessandro Dellai, MD
Section 3 Unique Issues in Emergency Medicine
46 Child abuse, elder abuse, intimate partner violence 631
Carolyn J. Sachs, MD, MPH
47 Environmental emergencies
47A Drowning 641
Paul S. Auerbach, MD, MS and Ken Zafren, MD
47B Heat illness 646
K en Zafren, MD
47C Accidental hypothermia 653
K en Zafren, MD
47D Lightning injuries 660
K en Zafren, MD
47E Terrestrial venomous bites and stings 665
Robert L. Norris, MD
48 Ethics and end-of-life issues 673
Michael A. Gisondi, MD
viii Contents