Table Of Content

Safety and Risk in Society No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Safety and Risk in Society Sexual Harassment and Assault in Government Agencies Margaret Brown (Editor) 2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-576-7 (Hardcover) 2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-591-0 (eBook) Sexual Harassment on Campus, at Work and in STEM Research Jennifer Powell (Editor) 2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-575-0 (Hardcover) 2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-590-3 (eBook) Occupational Stress: Risk Factors, Prevention and Management Strategies Nicola Mucci, MD, PhD (Editor) Gabriele Giorgi, PhD (Editor) Francesco Sderci, MD (Editor) Giulio Arcangeli, MD (Editor) 2019. ISBN: 978-1-53615-404-7 (Hardcover) 2019. ISBN: 978-1-53615-405-4 (eBook) Dating Violence: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Perspectives Wanda Spencer (Editor) 2019. ISBN: 978-1-53615-542-6 (Softcover) 2019. ISBN: 978-1-53615-543-3 (eBook) Hate Crimes in the United States Hate Crimes in the United States 2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-325-1 (Hardcover) 2021. ISBN: 978-1-53619-360-2 (eBook) More information about this series can be found at https://novapublishers.com/product-category/series/safety-and-risk-in-society/ Marta Madalena Marques de Oliveira, Simone Barreira Morais and Francisca Pinto Lisboa Martins Rodrigues Editors An Essential Guide to Occupational Exposure Copyright © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. https://doi.org/10.52305/VGMC6738 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description. 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Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:28)(cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:11)(cid:72)(cid:37)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:12) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York Contents Preface .......................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 An Introduction to Occupational Exposure ....................1 Gabriel Sousa, Xianyu Wang, Francisca Rodrigues and Marta Oliveira Chapter 2 Hospital Environments: The Relevant Aspects of Indoor Air Quality .................23 Klara Slezakova and Maria do Carmo Pereira Chapter 3 The Role of Biomarkers in the Assessment of Potential Health Risks of Wildland Firefighters’ Occupational Exposure: An Overview ..........................47 Filipa Esteves, Joana Madureira, João Paulo Teixeira and Solange Costa Chapter 4 Firefighters’ Dermal Exposure to Fire Emissions: Levels and Potential of 3D Skin Models for Health Risk Assessment ................75 Bela Barros, Francisca Rodrigues, Bruno Sarmento, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Simone Morais and Marta Oliveira Chapter 5 Cytogenetic Methods for Measuring Effects of Occupational Exposure ................................................. 127 Goran Gajski and Marko Gerić Chapter 6 Occupational Hazards Faced by Garbage Collection Workers ........................................ 167 Madhur S. Kulkarni About the Editors ...................................................................................... 187 Index ......................................................................................... 191 Preface Throughout the world, almost 3 billion workers are regularly exposed to some hazards in the work environment, which contribute to increasing the number of occupational accidents and injuries. Regardless of the work field, all working activities have occupational risks. The development of health effects, including occupational diseases (e.g., cancers and respiratory illness), may present a long latency period, and thus the establishment of a causal relationship between exposure at work environments and related health outcomes is complex. The Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development is strongly committed to promoting sustained and inclusive economic growth with decent work for all (including gender equity) and eradicating forced labor, human trafficking, and child labor in all its forms. This book addresses the theme of occupational exposure among economically active populations. It starts with an introductory approach of the most usual occupational risks, specifically those of physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, psychological, and/or psychosocial origin. The main consequences for the safety and health of workers, regardless of the activity sector, are identified. Special attention is given to the importance of indoor air quality in hospital environments and the main risks for the health of healthcare professionals. Across the latest decade, human biomonitoring assays have been progressively recognized as adequate tools to better evaluate the occupational exposure and the associated health risks, principally in workers acting in unpredicted and very complex environments such as firefighters and garbage collection workers. A brief description of the interest of using different biomarkers, more specifically biomarkers of dose, biomarkers of effect, and biomarkers of susceptibility, in the evaluation of wildland firefighters’ occupational exposure and their potential health risks is presented. Also, the characterization of firefighters’ dermal exposure to fire emissions and their main occupational hazards, as well as the potential of using 3D skin models to perform a more complete health risk assessment, are addressed in detail. Moreover, available cytogenetic methods that can be used to measure the effects of occupational exposure in active workers is also viii M. M. M. Oliveira, S Barreira M and F. P. L. M. Rodrigues presented. Lastly, but not less important, the potential risks that garbage collection workers face during their regular working activities are outlined. Overall, this book leads the reader to reflect on the main risks associated with occupational exposure and its principal implications on human health.