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Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pageiii All New Electronics Self-Teaching Guide, Third Edition Harry Kybett and Earl Boysen Wiley Publishing, Inc. Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pageii Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pagei All New Electronics Self-Teaching Guide, Third Edition Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pageii Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pageiii All New Electronics Self-Teaching Guide, Third Edition Harry Kybett and Earl Boysen Wiley Publishing, Inc. Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pageiv AllNewElectronicsSelf-TeachingGuide,ThirdEdition Publishedby WileyPublishing,Inc. 10475CrosspointBoulevard Indianapolis,IN46256 www.wiley.com Copyright2008WileyPublishing,Inc.,Indianapolis,Indiana PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada ISBN:978-0-470-28961-7 ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningor otherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyright Act,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthrough paymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher forpermissionshouldbeaddressedtotheLegalDepartment,WileyPublishing,Inc.,10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepre- sentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of thisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationwarranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotionalmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitablefor everysituation.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengaged inrenderinglegal,accounting,orotherprofessionalservices. If professionalassistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organizationorWebsiteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orapotentialsourceof furtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinforma- tiontheorganizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further, readersshould beawarethatInternetWebsites listed in this workmayhave changedor disappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesortoobtaintechnicalsupport, pleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at(800)762-2974,outsidethe U.S.at(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailablefromthepublisher. Trademarks:Wiley,theWileylogo,andarerelatedtradedressaretrademarksorregistered trademarksofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.and/oritsaffiliatesintheUnitedStatesandother countries,andmaynotbeusedwithoutwrittenpermission.Allothertrademarksarethe property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any productorvendormentionedinthisbook. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pagev To my wonderful wife Nancy. Thanks for wandering through life side by side with me. Kybett ffirs.tex V3-04/02/2008 5:03pm Pagevi Kybett fauth.tex V2-03/28/2008 11:22pm Pagevii About the Author EarlBoysenisanengineerwho, after20yearsworkinginthecomputerchip industry, decided to slow down and move to a quiet town in the state of Washington.Boysenistheco-authorofthreeotherbooks:ElectronicsforDum- mies(Indianapolis:Wiley,2005),ElectronicsProjectsforDummies(Indianapolis: Wiley, 2006), and Nanotechnology for Dummies (Indianapolis: Wiley,2005). He lives with his wife, Nancy, in a house they built together, and finds himself busyaseverwritingbooksandrunningtwotechnology-focusedWebsites.His site, www.BuildingGadgets.com, focuses on electronics circuits and concepts. The other site, www.understandingnano.com, provides clear explanations of nanotechnologytopics.BoysenholdsamastersdegreeinEngineeringPhysics fromtheUniversityofVirginia. vii Kybett fauth.tex V2-03/28/2008 11:22pm Pageviii