ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE A Reference Architecture for Geospatial Situation ... PDF
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Running head: ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE A Reference Architecture for Geospatial Situation Awareness in All Hazards Operations A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the National University School of Engineering, Technology, and Media in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Engineering Management Prepared By: Paul P. Agosta Charles R. Frawley Matthew F. Kern National University September 2012 ii ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE Master’s Thesis Approval Form We certify that we have read the project of Paul P. Agosta, Charles R. Frawley, and Matthew F. Kern entitled A Reference Architecture for Geospatial Situation Awareness in All Hazards Operations and that, in our opinion; it is satisfactory in scope and quality as the thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering at National University. Approved: Dr. Shekar Viswanathan, Ph.D., Chairperson & Supervisor Date Lead Faculty, Department of Applied Engineering School of Engineering, Technology, and Media National University Connie White Yelder, MSM, PMP, Course Instructor Date Core Adjunct Faculty, Department of Applied Engineering School of Engineering, Technology, and Media National University Dr. Fidel Salinas, Ed. D., Thesis Advisor Date Faculty, Department of Applied Engineering School of Engineering, Technology, and Media National University iii ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE © Copyright 2012 by Paul P. Agosta, Charles R. Frawley, and Matthew F. Kern All rights reserved. iv ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE Acknowledgments Our team would like to thank the following individuals for their help in assisting, facilitating and navigating us through the thesis process: • Dr. Fidel Salinas, our National University Thesis Sponsor, for meeting with us on multiple last minute and late night occasions in order to ensure our success. • Kansas City Terrorism Early Warning Center, our sponsor • Troy Campbell, Prentice Norman, and Steve Stein, PhD, our sponsor point of contact. • Our team of subject matter experts: Adam Davis, PhD; Kathie Sowell; and Dan Ostermiller and Civil Air Patrol, Pacific Northwest National Labs of US Department of Energy and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service, Department of Homeland Security for supplying additional information and guidance • Professor Connie White Yelder for keeping us on track and focused. • Our families for being understanding and supportive of the time spent during the thesis process. • National University Thesis Committee Members for allowing us to share our experience with them. v ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE Contents A Reference Architecture for Geospatial Situation Awareness in All Hazards Operations ........... 2 Background ..................................................................................................................... 4 The incident lifecycle. ................................................................................................. 4 Levels of escalation and incidents. ............................................................................. 4 Distributed situation awareness. ................................................................................. 5 Government responses. ............................................................................................... 5 Included systems. ........................................................................................................ 6 Objective ......................................................................................................................... 7 Barriers and Issues ........................................................................................................ 10 Organizational barriers .............................................................................................. 11 Vendor and integrator issues ..................................................................................... 11 Complexity. ............................................................................................................... 12 Communicating the methods of enterprise architecture. .......................................... 12 Lack of a test bed. ..................................................................................................... 12 Refusal to adopt standards. ....................................................................................... 13 Refusal to interchange data. ...................................................................................... 13 vi ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE Corruption. ................................................................................................................ 13 Definition of situation awareness. ............................................................................. 13 The big website that replaces everything .................................................................. 13 Hypothesis..................................................................................................................... 14 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 15 Limitations and Delimitations....................................................................................... 15 Shared geospatial awareness. .................................................................................... 16 Ignoring connectivity. ............................................................................................... 18 No classified solutions. ............................................................................................. 18 Enterprise architecture as scope ................................................................................ 18 Definition of Terms................................................................................................... 19 Literature Review.......................................................................................................................... 19 Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 ...................................................................... 20 Firefighter situational awareness at the Twin Towers .................................................. 21 Hurricane Katrina .......................................................................................................... 24 Hurricane Rita ............................................................................................................... 29 vii ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE All Hazards Response ................................................................................................... 34 Command and Control .................................................................................................. 42 Situation Awareness...................................................................................................... 51 Design and analysis. .................................................................................................. 55 Situation awareness in air operations and the Cursor on Target Protocol . .............. 56 Geospatial situation awareness displays ................................................................... 57 Enterprise Architecture ................................................................................................. 58 Framework types. ...................................................................................................... 59 Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA). .................................................................... 60 DoDAF. ..................................................................................................................... 65 TOGAF. .................................................................................................................... 66 Reference architecture. ............................................................................................. 69 Research in emergency and disaster management architecture. ............................... 70 MCM ............................................................................................................................. 75 IPAWS-OPEN .............................................................................................................. 80 Process flow of IPAWS-OPEN. ............................................................................... 83 viii ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE Oracle ESB................................................................................................................ 83 Pros and cons of the ESB approach. ......................................................................... 84 UICDS........................................................................................................................... 85 How UICDS works. .................................................................................................. 88 Adapters or adaptors. ................................................................................................ 94 Operations Center Types and Tools .............................................................................. 94 Emergency Operations Centers................................................................................. 95 Transportation Management Centers ........................................................................ 96 Fusion Centers. ......................................................................................................... 96 Hospitals. .................................................................................................................. 98 Security centers. ........................................................................................................ 98 Counterterrorism (sensor) Centers. ........................................................................... 99 Dispatch centers. ..................................................................................................... 101 Command centers.................................................................................................... 102 Comparing Architectures ............................................................................................ 102 Strategic plans. ........................................................................................................ 102 ix ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE Multi decision criteria analysis. .............................................................................. 103 Systems engineering measures. .............................................................................. 104 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 108 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 109 Eliminating Methodological Bias: .............................................................................. 111 Research Methods ....................................................................................................... 112 Initial analysis. ........................................................................................................ 113 Development of a common operational architecture. ............................................. 114 Development of a basis for comparison.................................................................. 118 Identification of measures of effectiveness. ............................................................ 121 Development of a new hybrid solution architecture. .............................................. 122 Comparison of four solution architectures. ............................................................. 123 Extraction of results ................................................................................................ 126 Basis of Comparison ................................................................................................... 126 Initial Analysis. ....................................................................................................... 128 Strengths and Weaknesses. ..................................................................................... 128 x ALL HAZARDS REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE Restated Candidate Criteria. ................................................................................... 132 Notional Concept of Operations. ............................................................................ 134 Operational Requirements (Measures of Effectiveness). ........................................ 134 Measures of Performance. ...................................................................................... 134 Technical Performance Measures. .......................................................................... 136 Final Candidate Criteria. ......................................................................................... 141 Validating Against Strategic Goals. ........................................................................ 145 Line of Sight Analysis ............................................................................................ 146 Weightings .................................................................................................................. 154 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 154 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 155 Findings....................................................................................................................................... 155 Selected Criteria .......................................................................................................... 156 Performance. ........................................................................................................... 156 Reliability. ............................................................................................................... 156 Administration. ....................................................................................................... 157
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