Algeria's experience in the development of handicrafts and trades PDF
Preview Algeria's experience in the development of handicrafts and trades
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Algeria’s experience in the development of handicrafts and trades Benzarour, Choukri Algiers university 6 October 2009 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19108/ MPRA Paper No. 19108, posted 09 Dec 2009 14:43 UTC ﻏﺭﺡﻟﺍ ﻫ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻕﺔﻟﺍ ﺔـﻉﺎﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺽﻔ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻰﻐ ﺭﺉﺍﺫﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺔ 2009 – 1992 (*) ﻯﺭﻘﺴ ﺭﻫﺭﻉﺫ ﻡﺒ ﻲﻨﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻟﺒﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺭ ﻥﻨ ﺭﻴﺜﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻨﻭﻠﺤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺔﺭﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺭﻴﺭﻌﻟﺍ لﺜﻨ ﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ :ﺵﺘﻠﻤ لﺔﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺒﺔﺸﻟﺍ ﻔﻭﻔﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺒﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺔﻟﺒﻁﺔﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺀﺒﻀﻘﻟﺍﻭ لﻐﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘ لﺒﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺔﻠ ﺕﺒﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﺕﺔﺜ ،ﺒﻴﻟﺒﺤ ﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺒﻬﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺒﻨﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺴﻷﺍ لﻊ ﻲﻓ .لﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻴﺭﺅﻨﻟﺍ ﻴﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻟﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻨ ،ﻼﺔﻘﺘﺴﻨﻭ ﻥﻵﺍ ،لﻠﺸﺘﺴ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﺴﺴﺅﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺒﻋﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺤﺃ ،ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺔﺘﻌﺘ ،ﺭﺒﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ .ﻕﺔﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻴﺭﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺔﺔﺒﺠﻺﻟ ﻻﺇ .ﺔﻌﺴﺘﻨﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻨ ﺕﻻﺒﺠﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﺎﺸﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﺭﻁﻨ ﺒﻴﻨﺒﻨﺘ ﺭﻬﺸﻴ ﻴﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺒﻬﻤﺜﻨﻭ ﺕﺍﺴﺠﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺭﻴﺜﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ لﻴﻤﺤﺘ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻭﺒﺤﺘ .ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ لﻴﻤﺤﺘﺔ ﺒﻀﻴﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﺘ ﺒﻨﻠ .ﺒﻬﺠﺎﺒﺘﻨﻭ ﺒﻫﺍﻭﺘﺤﻨ ﻡﺜ ﺒﻬﺘﺒﻘﻤﻁﻨﻨﻟ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻨ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺒﻫﺫﺒﺨﺘﺍ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺔﺍﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ لﺔﻘﺘﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻔﺍﺭﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻟﺍ .ﺔﺔﻭﻤﻁﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻔﺭﻏ ،ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﻋﺇ ،ﺀﺒﻨﺔﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﻋﺇ ،ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ :ﺔﻟﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻤﻠﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻋﺭ ،لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻡﺒﺨﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﺨﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﺘﺒﻨﻟﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺴﺒﺠﻨﻻﺍ ،ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ،ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﺭﻨﻟﺍ ،ﻭﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﺴﻴﺴﻌﺘ ،ﺕﺒﻨﻭﻤﻌﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻊﻨ ،ﺞﻴﻭﺭﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻲﻤﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺠﺒﻨﺘﻻﺍ ﻡﻊﻨ ،ﺭﺴﺂﺘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻟﻭﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ .ﺔﻴﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻐﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﺴﺴﺅﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﺒﺸﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻨ ﺭﻴﺔﺨ ، ﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻨﺒﺠ – ﻲﺴﺒﻴﻗ ﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻠﺭ ﺏﻟﺒﻁ ﺙﺤﺒﺔﻟﺍ (*) ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺭﻴﺭﻨ ﺒﻴﻟﺒﺤ لﻐﺘﺸﻴ ، (BIT) لﻐﺸﻤﻟ ﻲﻟﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﺏﺘﻠﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺭﻨﺘﻌﻨ (cree - germe) ﺒﻫﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﻭ . [email protected] : لﺒﺼﺘﻺﻟ . ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ABSTRACT : Algeria as many Arab countries are facing major challenges in the field of employment and the fight against unemployment, especially among young job-seeker for the first time. In light of the crisis and the economic and social transformations taking place in Algeria now, it was proven that small and medium-sized enterprises are the hub of economic mobility leading to the answer of the challenge mentioned earlier. In this framework, the handicrafts and trades is one of the economic sectors wish is growing steadily in the creation of new individual enterprises and activities in various areas. the study of the Algerian experience has shown a lot of achievements and shortcomings, and may be a useful for many sectoral economic policy makers. This paper attempts to analyse the Algerian strategy of the development of handicrafts and trades through a review of premises, contents and results. The focus of this paper also, is the analyse of deficiencies of this strategy, and then look to the future, to decide about the most important measures to be taken to achieve the best result. Key words: Algeria, Handicraft, trades, chamber of Handicraft and trades, entrepreneurship, local production systems, Nucleus, local development. : ﺭﺭـــﻪﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺡﻔﺸﻟﺍ ﻁﻫﺼﻫﻤﻟﺍ 1.............................................................................................:ﺔـﻤﺩﻕﻤ 3..................... :(2002 -1992) ﻏﺭـﺡﻟﺍ ﻫ ﺔـﻴﺩﻴﻠﻕﺔﻟﺍ ﺔـﻉﺎﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﻁﺎـﺽﻔ ﺀﺎـﻨﺒ ﺏﺩﺎـﻉﺄ .I 3.......................................................:(2002 -1992) ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﻋﺇ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨ 1.I 6....................................:(2009-2003) ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻗ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ 2.I 10.......................................................... 2009 – 2003 ﺔـﻠﺡﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺫﺎـﺠﻨﺄ .II 11.........................................................:ﺠﺒﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻭ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺀﺒﺸﻨﺇ 1.II 11..................................................................:ﻴﺭﺍﻭﺠﻟﺍ لﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻁﺄﺘﻟﺍ 2.II 12.....................................................................................:لﻠﺒﻴﻬﻟﺍ 3.II 14..........................................................................ﺔﻟﻭﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻡﻋﺭ 4.II 15.....................................................ﻲﻤﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺠﺒﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﺒﻊﻨ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ ﻭ ﺭﺴﺂﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻋﺭ 5.II 17....................................................................................:ﺞﻴﻭﺭﺘﻟﺍ 6.II 20..................................................:ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻨ 7.II 22.......................................................ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻊﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺒﻨﻭﻤﻌﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺒﻊﻨ 8.II 26......................... ﻏﺭـﺡﻟﺍ ﻫ ﺔـﻴﺩﻴﻠﻕﺔﻟﺍ ﺔـﻉﺎﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﻁﺎـﺽﻔ ﻫـﻤﻨ ﺫـﻴﺫﻊﺔ ﺓﺍﺀﺍﺭـﺠﺄ .III 28.........................................................................:ﻟﻴﻀﻨﺔﻟﺍ ﻫ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﺔﻟﺍ 1.III 28............................................................: ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﻴﺴﺔﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻨ 1.1.III 29..........................................................................: ﺔﻨﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻊﻨﺘ 2.1.III 33...................................................................:ﺔﻴﻭﻌﻨﺠﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻨﻴﻊﻨﺘﻟﺍ 3.1.III 31......................................................................: ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻨ 4.1.III 31..........................................................................: ﻲﺘﻴﺔﻟﺍ لﻨﻌﻟﺍ 5.1.III 32..............................................: ﺓﺍﺭﺎﻪﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻫ لﻴﻩﺂﺔﻟﺍ ﻫ ﻡﻴﻫﻘﺔﻟﺍ ﺭﻫﺡﻤ 2.III 32.................................................:ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺔﻟﺍ ﺭﺭﺍﻭﻨﻟﺍ لﻴﻫﺄﺘ ﻭ ﻥﻴﻭﻠﺘ 1.2.III 33......................................................: ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﻬﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘ ﻭ لﻴﻫﺄﺘ 2.2.III 34.........................................................................:ﺭﻴﻫﺽﺔﻟﺍ ﻫ ﺔﻴﻔﺭﺔﻟﺍ 3.III 35............................................................................ :ﺕﺒﻘﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ 1.3.III 35....................................................................:ﺔﻴﺭﺒﻴﻌﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻟﺍ 2.3.III 35.........................................................:ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺠﻭﺘﻨﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺤ 3.3.III 36.....................................................................:ﺔﻴﻭﻗﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨﻟﺍ 4.3.III 37.........................................................:ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻤﻟ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻟﺍ 5.3.III 38.........................................................................:ﺔﻴﻤﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘﻟﺍ 6.3.III 39...................................................: ﻊﻴﺔﻟﺍ ﺫﻓﺒﻨﻨ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺭ 7.3.III 40..........................................................................:ﺹﺭﻕـﻟﺍ ﻫ ﻟـﻉﺩﻟﺍ .IV 40........................................:ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘﻟ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻨﺼﻟﺍ 1.IV 41...........................................................................:ﺔﻴﻠﻨﺔﻟﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻟﺍ 2.IV 41........................................................................:ﺔـﻴﺩﺎﺸﺔﻔﻹﺍ ﺔـﻕﻐﺍﺭﻤﻟﺍ .V 43........................................................................................ :ﻊـﺠﺍﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻏﺭـﺡﻟﺍ ﻫ ﺔـﻴﺩﻴﻠﻕﺔﻟﺍ ﺔـﻉﺎﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻰـﻐ ﺭـﺉﺍﺫﺠﻟﺍ ﺔـﺒﺭﺠﺔ 1(2009 – 1992) :ﺔــﻤﺩﻕﻤ لﻭﺭ ﻥﻨ ﺭﻴﺜﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺒﻨﻠ ، ﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻗ ﻊﻓﺭﻴ :(*) ﺒﻨﻬﻨﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺒﻨﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺒﻨﺒﻫﺭﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺒﻴﺭﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺭﻴﺭﻌﻟﺍ ،ﻡﻟﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻤﻠﻨ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺔ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﻨﺜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺏﺒﺔﺸﻤﻟ لﻐﺸﻟﺍ ﺏﺼﺒﻨﻨ ﺙﺍﺭﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺒﻬﺴﻹﺍ - . ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨﻟﺒﺔ ﺔﻨﺭﺒﻘﻨ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺔﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ لﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻬﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻫﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ - . ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻨﻟﺍ لﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻴﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻫﺅﻨﻟﺒﺔ ﻊﻨﺘﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺔﻀﻴﺭﻋ ﺕﺒﺎﻓ ﺭﻴﻭﺴﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻨ ﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺔﺭﺒﺤﻨ - .ﺔﻨﺎﺍﺭ لﺨﺭ ﺭﺭﺒﺼﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﻡﻬﻨﻠﻨﺘ .ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻫﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ - ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺭﺍﺭﻋﺇ ﻡﺘ ﺭﻘﻓ ﻪﺔ ﺔﻁﻭﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺭﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻥﻨ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﻠﻨﺘ لﺠﻷ ﻭ ﻕﻤﻁﻨﺘ . ﺒﻬﺔﺍﻭﺔﺃ ﻔﺭﺒﺸﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻥﺤﻨ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ 2010 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻕﺒﻓﻵ ﺭﺘﻨﺘ ﻭ 2003 ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻨﺘ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺓﺴﻠﺘﺭﻨ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻗ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻟ لﻴﻤﺤﺘ ﻥﻨ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻭ .ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻨ ﻪﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ لﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻨ ﻪﺘﺒﻨﻭﻘﻨ ﻕﺸﻨﺭ ،ﺔﻴﺔﺭﻌﻟﺍ لﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﻌﺔﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﺭﻨﻟﺍ لﺒﻐﺸﺃ ﺭﺒﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﺔﻟﺍ ﺒﻬﻨﺭﻗ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺭ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺼﺃ /1 .ﻥﻴﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻨﺘﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺔﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻊﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﺒﻬﺘﻨﻊﻨ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ،2009 ﺭﺔﻭﺘﻠﺃ 08 – 06 ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﺭﻴﻭﺴﺘ لﻭﺒﺤﻴ لﺔ ، ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻴﺠﺒﺤﻤﻟ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ، ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﺔ ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ /(*) ﺭﺒﻨﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻨ ﺀﺒﻨﺔ ﺓﺭﺒﻋﻹ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺔﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺒﻬﺘﺍﺭﺭﻘﻟ ﻭ ﺒﻬﺴﻔﻨﺔ ﺔﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻸﻟ ﺭﻴﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﻭﻨﻤﻨ ﺕﺍﻭﺭﺄﺔ ﺕﺒﻌﻨﺘﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﺒﺤﺼﺃ ﺱﻤﺠﺍ ،ﻟﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻨ ﻥﺤﻨﻓ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﻻ ، ﻟﻨﻨ ﻻﺭﺔ ﺭﻠﻔﻨ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺭﻠﻔﺘ ﻻ : ﻰﻤﻋ ﺹﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺴﻫﺒﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺔﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﺏﻟﺍﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺽﻓﺭﻭ ، ﺱﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻋ .ﻟﻨﺭﺨﻨ ﻥﺤﻨ ﻟﻤﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ 1 ﻁﺒﻘﻨ ﺴﻭﺒﺠﺘ ﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﻨ ﺴﻴﺴﻌﺘ ﻰﻤﻋ لﻨﻌﺘ ﺭﻴﺔﺍﺭﺘ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻥﻨ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺴﺤ ﻲﻨﺔﺘ ﻡﺘ .ﻔﻌﻀﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺀﺒﻨﺔ ﺏﺍﻭﺔﺃ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺒﺔﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺒﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﻔﺭﺒﺸﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻥﺤﻨ ﻭ .ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻔﺍﺭﺸﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺒﻨﻟ ﺭﺔﻻ ﻥﺒﻠ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺭﺠ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻨﺘ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺒﻬﻴﻤﻋ ﺕﻨﺒﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺒﻨ :ﺔﻴﻟﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺒﻠﺸﻹﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺞﻟﺒﻌﺘ ﺓﺫﺨﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺒﻨ ﻭ ؟ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﻨﺔﺘ لﺔﻗ ﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﻌﻓ ﻥﻠﻨﻴ ﺍﺫﺒﻨ ﻭ ؟ ﺔﻊﺤﻼﻨﻟﺍ ﺹﺎﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺒﻨ ؟ ﺓﺭﻁﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻔﺍﺭﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﻘﻘﺤﺘ لﻫ ﻭ ؟ . ؟ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭﻨﻨ ﺓﺭﻴﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ لﺔﻘﺘﺴﻨﻟﺍ :ﻲﻟﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺹﻨ ﺏﻤﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺒﻬﻨﻋ ﺏﺍﻭﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﺠﻨﺴ ﺔﻤﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻠ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻗ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺓﺭﺒﻋﺇ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻤﺤﺭﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺭﺤﻤﻟ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﻨﺴ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨﺴ ﺙﻴﺤ (2002-1992) ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺒﻨﺃ .ﻩﺭﺒﻴﻬﻨﺍ ﺭﻌﺔ ﻥﻨ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺙﻌﺔ ﺓﺭﺒﻋﻹ ﺓﺫﺨﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺒﺠﻌﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺕﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ لﻴﻤﺤﺘﺔ ﻰﻨﻌﺘﺴﻓ (2009 -2003) ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﺴﺘ لﻨﺤﺘ لﺼﺤﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﺎﺒﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ، ﻪﺔ ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻤﻟ ﺔﻋﻭﻀﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ .ﺒﻬﻴﻤﻋ ﺕﺍﺴﺒﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﻕﺔﺴ ﺒﻨ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺴﻠﺭﻨ ﻔﻭﺴ ﻲﻨﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺭﺘﻤﻟ ﻴﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﻨﻌﻟﺍ لﻠﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺒﻨﺔﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻨﺍﺭﺔﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺒﺼﻭﺼﺨ ،ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻨﻟﺍ .ﻲﻨﻭﻠﺤﻟﺍ ﺹﺎﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ لﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ لﻴﻤﺤﺘﻟﺒﺔ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﻔﻭﺴ ،ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺙﻟﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻨ ﻭ ، ﺓﺭﻁﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻔﺍﺭﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻡﺒﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺼﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺭ ﺕﻟﺒﺤ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺏﻤﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ لﺎﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﻷﻭ ، ﺴﻴﺴﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺏﻤﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻫﻷ ﻔﻭﺭﺤﻟﺍ .لﻴﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ 2 2:(2002 - 1992)ﻏﺭﺡﻟﺍ ﻫ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻕﺔﻟﺍ ﺔﻉﺎﻨﺸﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺽﻔ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺏﺩﺎـﻉﺄ .I ﺒﺼﻭﺼﺨﻭ ، ﻕﺔﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺕﺒﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻼﺔﻟﺍ ﺒﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻨ ﺭﻴﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺒﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺒﻨﺍﺴﻟ ﻥﺒﻠ ، ﻕﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺒﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺒﻴﺴﻤﻟ ﺭﻴﺭﺠﻟﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻟﺍ . ﺕﺒﻗﻭﺭﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﺠﺭﺒﺨ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﻋﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻟﻤﺘ ﺒﻬﻨﻨ ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺒﻋﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻊﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﺎﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﺔ ﺭﻴﺍﺴﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺒﻨﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻭﻫ -ﺀﻭﺭﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻟﻭ – ﺔﻤﺠﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺴﺭﺔﺃ ﻥﻨ لﻌﻟﻭ . ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﺭﺠﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ، ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺔ ﺔﻤﺼﺒﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻔﻭﻗﻭﻤﻟ ﻭ : ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻟﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺎﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻤﺤﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺔﻋ ﺭﻭﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﺒﻨﺔ :(2002- 1992) ﺭـﻴﺴﺂﺔﻟﺍ ﺏﺩﺎـﻉﺄ ﺔـﻠﺡﺭﻤ 1. I ﻔﺭﻏ ﺀﺒﺸﻨﺇ ﺒﻬﺔ ﻲﻨﻌﻨ ﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨ ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ، ﻥﻴﺘﻤﺤﺭﻨ ﺔﻁﺤﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﻔﺭﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺒﻠﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺒﻠﻭﻟﺍ ﻭ ، ﻔﺭﺤﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻲﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﻔﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻗ ﻔﺭﻐﻟﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺔﺔﻤﺼ ﺓﺍﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﻭﻠﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺴﻴﺎﺭﻟﺍ ﻊﺔﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﺔﺍﺭﻗ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺍﺭ ﺭﻗ ﻭ . ﺔﺔﺴﺒﻨﻨ لﻨﻋ ﺞﻨﺍﺭﺔ ﺭﻴﻁﺴﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻨﻭ ، ﻥﺍﺭﻴﻨﻟﺍ .(95 -92) ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻗ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻴﻠﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﻨﻌﺘﺔ ،ﺓﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﻴﻁ لﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺢﻨﺴ ﺭﻗ ﻭ .ﻪﻴﻤﻋ لﺒﻠﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﻠﻨﻴ ﺭﻋﺍﻭ ﻉﺒﻁﻗ ﻪﻨﺄﺔ ﺭﺒﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺘﻭﺴﺭ ﺔﻟﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﻡﺒﻨﺘﻫﺍ ﻰﻤﺠﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ . 1996 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻊﻤﻁﻨ ﻊﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺭﺔ ﺕﻨﺒﻠ ﻭ ﺔﻀﻴﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﻴ 3ﻲﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻨﺃ ﺭﻭﺭﺼﺔ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﺔ .ﻪﺔ ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻟ ﺓﺭﺭﺤﻨﻟﺍ "2003-1992 : ﺮﺋاﺰﺠﻟا – فﺮﺤﻟا و ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا عﺎﻄﻗ رﻮﻄﺗ" ، (2003) :يﺮﻜﺷ روﺮﻋز ﻦﺑ /2 . 1 -7ص ص . 2003 سرﺎﻣ 13 -12 ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ﺔﻴﺛاﺮﺘﻟا و ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻟا فﺮﺤﻟا و ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا لﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ةوﺪﻨﻟا .(1996) 03 ﻢﻗر ﺔﻴﻤﺳﺮﻟا ةﺪﻳﺮﺠﻟا ، فﺮﺤﻟا و ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻢﻜﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺪﻋاﻮﻘﻠﻟ دﺪﺤﻤﻟا ، 01-96 ﺮﻣﻷا /3 3 ﻻﻭ ، ﻲﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼ لﺤﺘﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺠﺒﺤ ﻪﺔ ﺕﻨﻟﺃ ﻥﻨ لﻠﻟ ﺒﺤﺒﺔﻨ ﺭﻌﻴ ﻡﻟ ﺭﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻨ ﻭ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻉﺒﻁﻗ ﻥﻨ ﺒﻬﺠﺭﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻷ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺠﺒﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻨ لﻠ ﺍﻭﺘﺔﺜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﺔﻟﺒﻁ ﻰﻤﻋﻭ ، ﻰﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﺤﻟﺒﺔ ﻥﻭﻨﺒﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺘﺭﺍ ﺭﻘﻟ . ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ .ﺒﻘﻴﻗﺭ ﺭﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﺒﻠ ﺒﻨﻟ ﻭ . ﺒﻬﺔ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺍﺭﺠ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻨﺴﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻟﻟﺫﺔﻭ ، ﻕﺔﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﻨﻨ ﻊﻨ ﺔﻌﻴﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺤﺃ ﻥﻨ ﺭﺔﻻ ﻥﺒﻠ ﺔﻨﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺍﺭﻵ ﺔﻏﺭﻔﺘﻨ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻨ ﺭﺜﻠﺃ ﺕﺒﺴﺴﺅﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻟﺍ . 4ﺭﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﺔﻨﻟﺍ ﻔﺭﻏ ﺭﺭﻋ ﺓﺭﺒﻴﺴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺒﺔﺤﺒﺼﻨ ﺒﻴﻨﻠ ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻬﺸ ،ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺒﻨﺃ ﻭ .ﺔﻓﺭﻏ (20) ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻨﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻔﺍﺭﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺒﻠ ، 2002 ﻥﺍﻭﺠ ﺔﻴﺒﻏ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﺘﻨﺍ ﻭ : ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻤﻟ ﻲﺘﺒﺴﺴﺅﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻁﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ - ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻟ ﻲﻨﻬﻨ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ - ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﺠﺘﻨﻨ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ - :ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺘﺴﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﺔﺘﻌﻨ ﺭﻭﻬﺠ لﺫﺔ ﺔﻤﺤﺭﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﻬﺸ ﺭﻗ ﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﻭ ﺔﻤﺼ ﺕﺒﻗﻼﻋ ﻁﺔﺭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺒﻨﻭﻤﻌﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﺠ - .ﺒﻀﻴﺃ ﺒﻬﻗﺭﻁﻭ ﺕﻼﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﻘﻟ .ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻊﻨ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، (2003) :يﺮﻜﺷ روﺮﻋز ﻦﺑ /4 4 ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﺴﺒﻫ ﺭﺠﻭﻴ ﺒﻨﻠ . ﺔﻓﺭﻏ لﻠ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺏﺘﻠﻨ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺔ ﻥﻭﻤﺜﻨﻨ ﻥﻭﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺒﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻥﺒﺠﻤﺔ ، ﺒﻀﻴﺃ ﻔﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﻭﺴ ﺭﻗﻭ . ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺱﻤﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ لﻴﻫﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻕﻴﻭﺴﺘﻟﺒﺔ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻨﻟﺍ لﺎﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺭﺘ ﺒﻬﻓﺭﻫ . ﻥﻭﻴﻓﺭﺤ ﺒﻫﺅﺒﻀﻋﺃ ... ﻥﻴﻭﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺢﺎﺍﺭﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺭﺭﻗ ﺭﺔﻠﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺵﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺍﺭ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻰﻤﻋ لﻨﻋ ﻉﺒﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺒﻨﻠ ﺔﺸﻗﺒﻨﻨ ﺒﻬﺘﺒﻋﻭﻀﻭﻨ ﺕﻨﺒﻠ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻴﻘﺘﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﻨﺭﺔ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻨ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻊﻨﺘ ﻭﻫ لﺒﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺴﺭﺒﺔﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺭﺤﺃ لﻌﻟ ﻭ .ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺒﻐﺸﻨﺍ لﻠﺔ ﺔﻤﻋﺒﻓ ﺔﻁﺤﻨ ﺕﻨﺒﻠ ﺭﻗ ﻭ ،5 1997 ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺒﻬﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﺴﻤﺠﻟﺍ .ﺱﻴﻴﺒﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺠﻨﺭﺔ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ،ﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘ ﻟﻟﺫﻠ ﻭ ﺭﺒﻴﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻊﻨﻟﺍ ﺽﻐﺔ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ،ﺒﻴﻭﻨﺴ ﺕﺒﻨﻭﻟﺒﺼ ﻭ ﺽﺭﺒﻌﻨ 10 لﺭﻌﻨﺔ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺕﺒﻨﻭﻟﺒﺼ .ﻉﺴﺒﻨﻨ ﻥﻭﺭ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺼﻟﺍ ﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻨﻟﺍ ﺒﻬﻴﻓ ﻉﺴﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺤﻨﻟﺍ ، ﻻﺒﻨﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺜﻠﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺒﻌﻓ ﺭﺜﻠﻷﺍ ﺓﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺒﻠ ﺭﻘﻓ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻟﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺒﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺒﻊﺘ 10 لﺭﻌﻨ) ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺭ ﺓﺭﻫﺒﻊﺘ ﻥﻨ ﺭﺜﻠﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺭﺒﺸﻨ ﺔﺠﻨﺭﺔ ﻭﻫ ،ﺔﻘﻴﺭﺼﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸﻟﺍ لﻭﺭﻟﺍ ﻯﺭﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺍﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﻔﺴﻟﺒﺔ ﺔﺼﺒﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﻁﺒﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺭﻋ ﻥﻭﺭ ، (ﺒﻴﻭﻨﺴ .ﺒﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻠﺭﺒﺸﻨﻤﻟ ﺏﻤﻁ ﺒﻨﻋﺒﻁﻗ ﻥﻭﻠﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺒﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺞﻨﺍﺭﺔﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ؟ ﺭﻴﺔﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺔﺒﻘﻨ ﻭﻫ ﺒﻨ :ﺢﻤﻨﻟﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻟﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺒﻨﻴﻤﻋ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺒﻨﻫ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺒﻁﺔﻟﺒﻓ .ﺕﺒﻴﺎﺒﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻨ ﺍﺭﺔ ﺭﺠﻨ ﻻ ،لﺍﺅﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺔﺒﺠﻺﻟ ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﺭﻋ ﻥﺄﺔ ﺭﻴﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻨ ﻰﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺠﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﻔﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﻤﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺒﻨﺼﻤﻟ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا و ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺗ قﺎﻓﺁ لﻮﺣ ﻰﻟوﻷا ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟا تﺎﺴﻠﺠﻟا" ، (1997) ، ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا و ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟا ةرازو /5 .ﺮﺋاﺰﺠﻟا – ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ شﺎﻴﻋاز ، "2005 ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﻰﻟإ 5
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