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Algal Cell Motility PDF

244 Pages·1992·6.37 MB·English
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Algal Cell Motility Current Phycology Series Editors: Matthew J. Dring, Queen's University Belfast Michael Melkonian, Universitat zu Koln Lewin and Cheng, eds. Prochloron: A Microbial Enigma Geider and Osborne. Algal Photosynthesis: The Measurement of Algal Gas Exchange Algal Cell Motility Edited by Michael Melkonian Chapman and Hall New York and London First published in 1992 by Chapman and Hall an imprint of Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc. 29 West 35 Street New York, NY 10001-2291 Published in Great Britain by Chapman and Hall 2-6 Boundary Row London EC1 8HN © 1992 Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or by an information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Algal cell motility / edited by Michael Melkonian. p. cm.-(Current phycology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9685-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9683-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9683-7 1. Algae-Cytology. 2. Cells-Motility. I. Melkonian, Michael, 1948- . II. Series. QK565.A375 1991 589.3'8764-dc20 91-17475 CIP British Library cataloging in publication data also available. Contents Contributors Vi Preface VB 1. Gliding Motility Donat-P. Hader and Egbert Hoiczyk 1 2. Algal Chloroplast Movements Gottfried Wagner and Franz Grolig 39 3. Cytoplasmic Streaming in Characean Algae: Mechanism, Regulation by Ca2 +, and Organization Richard E. Williamson 73 4. Flagellar Beat Patterns in Algae Stuart F. Goldstein 99 5. Molecular Mechanism of Flagellar Movement Ritsu Kamiya 155 6. Centrin-Mediated Cell Motility in Algae Michael Melkonian, Peter L. Beech, Christos Katsaros, and Dorothee Schulze 179 Taxonomic Index 222 Author Index 226 Subject Index 233 Contributors Peter L. Beech-Universitat zu K61n, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl 1, Gyrhof strasse 15, D-5000 K6ln 41, Federal Republic of Germany Stuart F. Goldstein-Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, 250 Biological Sci ences Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55108, U.S.A. Franz Grolig-Membran- und Bewegungsphysiologie, Botanisches Institut 1, Ju stus-Liebig Universitat, Senckenbergstrasse 17, D-6300 Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany Donat-P. Hader-Institut fur Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Friedrich Alexander-Universitat, Staudtstr. 5, D-8520 Erlagen, Federal Republic of Germany Egbert Hoiczyk-Institut fur Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Friedrich Alexander-Universitat, Staudtstr. 5, D-8520 Erlangen, Federal Republic of Germany Ritsu Kamiya-Department of Molecular Biology, School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan Christos Katsaros-Institute of General Botany, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece Michael Melkonian-Universitat zu K61n, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl 1, Gyr hofstrasse 15, D-5000 K6ln 41, Federal Republic of Germany Dorothee Schulze-Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Wattenmeerstation List, Ha fenstrasse 40, D-2282 List/Sylt, Federal Republic of Germany Gottfried Wagner-Membran- und Bewegungsphysiologie, Botanisches Institut 1, Justus-Liebig Universitat, Senckenbergstr. 17, D-6300 Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany Richard E. Williamson-Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia Preface Algae exhibit the greatest variety of cell motility phenomena in the living world. These range from the peculiar gliding motility of filamentous blue green algae or cyanobacteria to chloroplast movements and cytoplasmic streaming which are most common in higher plants. In addition, cell motility by eukaryotic flagella is the characteristic mode of cell locomotion in algal flagellates and most reproductive cells of algae. Algae use these cell motility systems mainly to orient themselves or their photosynthetic organelles in a suitable light gradient to optimize growth and reproduction. In consequence most of the motility systems are coupled to photoreceptors and are regulated by signal transduction cascades. Algal cell motility has thus attracted consid erable interest also from non-phycologists and some algal motility systems have become models of research in cell and molecular biology. This book summarizes some of the progress that has been made in recent years in the analysis of cell motility phenomena in the algae. Although complete coverage of the subject was not attempted, the six chapters cover all the major types of cell motility systems and the authors provide in depth reviews of gliding motility, chloroplast movements, cytoplasmic streaming, flagellar beat pat terns, mechanisms of flagellar movement and centrin-mediated cell motility. The chapters reflect the different status of analysis of individual cell motility phenomena ranging from in depth cell and molecular analysis of model systems (chapters 3 and 5) to more comparative descriptions of a variety of cell motility phenomena (chapters 1 and 4). From the latter analyses it is obvious that many highly unusual cell motility phenomena exist in the algae that await a detailed analysis using the now available repertoire of cell and molecular techniques. If this book can stimulate interest toward this end, it has fulfilled its purpose. I like to express my thanks to the contributors of the chapters who have made my job extremely easy. Also I like to thank Peter L. Beech (Mel- vii viii Preface bourne) and Barbara Surek (Cologne) for spending many hours in reading chapters, making invaluable suggestions and helping in the preparation of the index. Cologne, September 1991 Chapter 1 Gliding Motility Donat-P. Hader and Egbert Hoiczyk Introduction Active motility is one of the fundamental characteristics of many microorgan isms and involves the interplay of a number of cellular functions that enable an organism to move in a coordinated fashion. Therefore, cell motility is a very complex and broad topic in research, one that involves problems associ ated with motor design, steering and control, and energy supply and distribu tion. As early as the Precambrian era, organisms in aquatic habitats devel oped two basic types of motility: flagellar and gliding motility. The first one is the subject of other chapters in this volume; the second one is the topic of this chapter. Microorganisms employ motility to optimize the position in their micro habitat using a number of external chemical and physical factors. Most motile gliding organisms use different environmental stimuli, such as photic (Nultsch, 1971; Nultsch and Wenderoth, 1973; Nultsch and Hader, 1979; Haupt, 1983), chemical (Fechner, 1915; Drews, 1959; Hopkins, 1969; Kai ser et aI., 1979; Ho and McCurdy, 1979; Dworkin, 1983), galvanic (Ver worn, 1889; Hader, 1977), mechanical (Schmid, 1918; Wagner, 1934; Wil liams, 1965), gravitational (Hopkins, 1966; Harper, 1976; Bean, 1984), and thermal (Reimers, 1928; Castenholz, 1968) clues to direct their search for a suitable niche for survival and growth in the biosphere. Although gliding motility was observed more than two centuries ago (Adanson, 1767), the underlying basic mechanisms are still obscure in most organisms and pose a major biological research problem. Currently, the only generally accepted statement is that the mechanism of gliding movement differs from one taxonomic group to the next, so that the simple sounding question has to be answered for each organism individually: How does

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Algae exhibit the greatest variety of cell motility phenomena in the living world. These range from the peculiar gliding motility of filamentous blue­ green algae or cyanobacteria to chloroplast movements and cytoplasmic streaming which are most common in higher plants. In addition, cell motility b
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