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Africa under colonial domination, 1880-1935 PDF

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UNESCO International Scientific ( ommitteelorthe DraftingofavÇeneralHistory of Africa ---._-. - ~.» GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA- »" VIÏ Africa under Colonial Domination i88o-.g]5 EDITOR' A.ADUBDAHEN s HeinemannEducational Books«Nigeria)l.-tt JamesCurrèj/./California. UneS'cb * r 1/ 7 7- /" '- General History of Africa VII Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 Abridged Edition UnescoGeneralHistoryofAfrica VolumeI MethodologyandAfricanPrehistory EditorJ.Ki-Zerbo VolumeII AncientCivilizationsofAJnca EditorG.Mokhtar VolumeIII AfricafromtheSeventhtoEleventhCentury' EditorM.ElFasi AssistanteditorI.Hrbek VolumeIV AfricafromtheTwelfthtoSixteenthCentury' EditorD.T.Niane VolumeV AfricafromtheSixteenthtoEighteenthCentury' EditorB.A.Ogot VolumeVI TheNineteenthCenturyuntilthe1880s* EditorJ.F.A.Ajayi VolumeVII AfricaunderForeignDomination1880-1935 EditorA. AduBoahen VolumeVIII Africasince1935* EditorA.A.Mazrui AssistanteditorC.Wondji forthcoming The abridged edition of THE UNESCO GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA is published by the followingpublishers InGhana,SierraLeone, theGambiaandCameroonby Ott-Attafua P.O.Box2692 Accra,Ghana InKenyaby HeinemannKenya P.O.Box45314 Nairobi,Kenya InNigeriaby HeinemannNigeria P.O.Box6205 Ibadan,Nigeria InTanzaniaby TanzaniaPublishingHouse P.O.Box2138 DaresSalaam,Tanzania InUgandaby UgandaBookshopPublishing P.O.Box7145 Kampala,Uganda InZambiaby Multimedia Box320199 Lusaka,Zambia InZimbabwe,Botswana,SwazilandandMalawiby BaobabBooks P.O.Box1559 Harare,Zimbabwe IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica andCanadaby TheUniversityofCaliforniaPress 2120BerkeleyWay Berkeley,California94720 AndinBritain,Europe andtherestoftheworldby JamesCurreyPublishers 54BThornhillSquare Islington,LondonNl 1BE and UNESCO 7PlacedeFontenoy,75700,Paris InternationalScientificCommitteefortheDraftingofaGeneralHistoryofAfrica(UNESCO) General History of Africa VII Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935 EDITOR A. ADU BOAHEN Abridged Edition HEINEMANN EDUCATIONALBOOKS(NIGERIA)LTD. lirstpublished 1990bythe UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific andCulturalOrganization 7PlacedeFontenoy.75700,Paris and JamesCurreyLtd 54bThornhillSquare,Islington LondonNl IBE Firstpublished1990 intheUnitedStatesofAmericabythe UniversityofCaliforniaPress 2120BerkeleyWay,Berkeley California94720,UnitedStatesofAmerica Firstpublished1990by HeinemannEducationalBooks(Nigeria)Limited 1 IghodaroRoad,Jericho, P.M.B.5205,.Ibadan,Nigeria ©Unesco1985and1990 ISBN(Unesco):92-3-102499-X ISBN(HeinemannNigeria)978 129 495 7 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData GeneralHistoryofAfrica. Abridgeded. 7:Africaunderforeigndomination, 1880 1.Africa,history I.Boahen,A.Adü(AlbertAdu), 1932 II.Unesco, InternationalScientificCommittee/ortheDraftingofa GeneralHistoryofAfrica. 960 ISBN 0-85255-097-9 LibraryofCongressCataloging-ln-PublicationData Africaundercolonialdomination,18801935/editor,A.AduBoahen. Abridgeded. P.cm. (GeneralhistoryofAfrica:7) Atheadoftitle:InternationalScientificCommitteefortheDraftingof aGeneralHistoryofAfrica(UNESCO) Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN 0-520-O6702-9 1.AfricaHistory18841960.1.Boahen,A.Adu.II.Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. III. Series: General history of Africa (Abridged version):7. DT20.G452 vol.7 JDT29] 960sde20 [960.3'1] 89-20397 CIP Iypcsclin 11ptBembobyColsetPteLtd. andprinlcdinNij-criabyPolygraphieVenturesLtd.,Ibadan. Contents PrefacebyAmadou-MahtarM*Bow,formerDirector-GeneralofUnesco(1974-87) viii DescriptionoftheProjectbyB. A. Ogot, formerPresidentoftheInternational ScientificCommitteefortheDraftingofaGeneralHistoryofAfrica Xtii Noteonchronology XVÍ Membersofthe InternationalScientificCommitteefor theDrafting ofaGeneralHistoryofAfrica XVÜ Biographiesoftheauthorswhocontributedtothemainedition XÍX 1 Africa and the colonialchallenge 1 2 Europeanpartition andconquest ofAfrica: an overview 10 3 African initiatives and resistance in theface ofpartition andconquest 25 4 African initiatives and resistance in North-EastAfrica 33 5 African initiatives and resistance in North Africa and the Sahara 46 6 African initiatives and resistance in WestAfrica, 1880-1914 55 7 African initiatives and resistance in EastAfrica, 1880-1914 12 vi Contents 8 African initiatives and resistance in Central Africa, 1880-1914 83 9 African initiatives and resistance in Southern Africa , 94 10 Madagascarfrom 1880 to 1939 108 11 Liberia and Ethiopia, 1880-1914: the survival oftwo African states 120 12 The First World War and its consequences 132 13 Methods and institutions ofEuropean domination 143 14 The colonial economy 153 15 The colonial economy oftheformer French, Belgian and Portuguese zones, 1914-35 162 16 The colonial economy: theformerBritish zones 173 11 The colonial economy: North Africa 186 18 The social repercussions ofcolonial rule: demographic aspects 200 19 The social repercussions ofcolonial rule: the new social structures 208 20 Religion in Africa during the colonial era 211 21 The arts in Africa during theperiod ofcolonial rule 229 22 African politics and nationalism, 1919-35 240 23 Politics and nationalism in North-East Africa, 1919-35 249 24 Politics and nationalism in the Maghrib and the Sahara, 1919-35 260 25 Politics and nationalism in West Africa, 1919-35 210 26 Politics and nationalism in East Africa, 1919-35 219 21 Politics and nationalism in Central and Southern Africa, 1919-35 289 Contents vil 28 Ethiopia and Liberia, 1914-35: two independent African states in the colonial era 301 29 Africa and the New World 314 30 Colonialism in Africa: its impact andsignificance 321 Bibliography 340 Index 348 Preface AMADOU-MAHTAR M'BOW Former Director-General of Unesco (1974-1987) For a long time, all kinds ofmyths and prejudices concealed the true history ofAfrica from theworld at large. African societies werelooked uponas societies that could have nohistory. Inspiteofimportantworkdonebysuchpioneers asLeoFrobenius, Maurice Delafosseand Arturo Labriola, as earlyas thefirst decades ofthisceLtury, a great many non-African experts could not rid themselves ofcertain preconceptions and argued that thelack ofwritten sources anddocumentsmadeit impossible toengageinany scientific studyofsuch societies. Although the Iliad and Odyssey were rightly regarded as essential sources for the history ofancient Greece, African oral tradition, the collective memory ofpeoples that holds the thread of many events marking their lives, was rejected as worthless. In writingthehistoryofalargepart ofAfrica, theonlysourcesusedwerefromoutsidethe continent, and the final product gave a picture not so much ofthepaths actually taken bythe African peoples as ofthosethat theauthors thought theymust have taken. Since the European Middle Ages were often used as a yardstick, modes ofproduction, social relations and political institutions were visualized only by reference to the European past. In fact, there was a refusal to see Africans as the creators oforiginal cultures which flowered and survived over the centuries in patterns of their own making and which historians are unable to grasp unless they forgo their prejudices and rethink their approach. Furthermore, the continent of Africa was hardly ever looked upon as a historical entity. On thecontrary, emphasis waslaid on everythinglikely tolendcredence to the idea that a split had existed, from time immemorial, between a 'white Africa' and a 'black Africa', eachunawareoftheother'sexistence. TheSaharawasoftenpresentedas animpenetrablespacepreventinganyinterminglingofethnicgroupsandpeoplesorany exchange ofgoods, beliefs, customs and ideas between the societies that had grown up oneither side ofthedesert. Hermeticfrontiers weredrawnbetween thecivilizations of Ancient Egypt and Nubiaand those ofthepeoples south oftheSahara. It is true that the history ofAfrica north ofthe Sahara has been more closely linked with that ofthe Mediterranean basin than has the history ofsub-Saharan Africa, but it is now widely recognized that the various civilizations ofthe African continent, for all their differing languages and cultures, represent, to a greater or lesser degree, the Preface ix historicaloffshoots ofa setofpeoples and societiesunitedbybondscenturies old. Another phenomenon that did great disservice to the objective study ofthe African pastwas theappearance, with theslavetradeandcolonization, ofracial stereotypes that bredcontempt andlackofunderstandingandbecamesodeep-rootedthat theydistorted even thebasic concepts ofhistoriography. From the time when the notions of'white' and 'black' were used as generic labels by the colonialists, who were regarded as superior, thecolonizedAfricans had to struggleagainstboth economic and psychologi¬ calenslavement. Africanswereidentifiableby thecolouroftheir skin, theyhadbecome a kind of merchandise, they were earmarked for hard labour and eventually, in the minds ofthose dominating them, they came to symbolize an imaginary and allegedly inferior Negro race. This pattern ofspurious identification relegated the history ofthe African peoples in many minds to the rank ofethno-history, in which appreciation of thehistoricalandcultural factswasboundtobewarped. The situation has changed significantly since the end ofthe Second World War and inparticularsincetheAfricancountriesbecameindependentandbegan to takean active part in thelifeoftheinternational community and in the mutual exchanges that areits raisond'être. Anincreasingnumberofhistorianshaveendeavouredto tacklethestudyof Africa with a more rigorous, objective and open-minded outlook by using - with all due precautions - actual African sources. In exercising their right to take the historical initiative, Africans themselves have felt a deep-seated need to re-establish the historical authenticityoftheir societieson solidfoundations. In this context, the importanceofthe eight-volume GeneralHistory ofAfrica, which Unescoispublishing, speaks for itself. Theexpertsfrom manycountries workingon thisprojectbeganbylayingdown the theoretical and methodological basis for theHistory. They have been at pains to call in question the over-simplifications arising from a linear and restrictive conception of world history and to re-establish the true facts wherever necessary and possible. They have endeavoured to highlight the historical data that give a clearer picture of the evolution ofthedifferent peoplesofAfrica in their specific socio-cultural setting. To tacklethishugetask, madeallthemorecomplexanddifficultbythevastrangeof sources and the fact that documents were widely scattered, Unesco has had to proceed bystages. Thefirststage, from 1965 to 1969,wasdevotedtogatheringdocumentation and planning the work. Operational assignments were conducted in the field and included campaigns to collect oral traditions, the creation of regional documentation centres for oral traditions, the collection of unpublished manuscripts in Arabic and Ajami (African languages written in Arabic script), the compilation of archival inventories and the preparation of a Guide to the Sources ofthe History ofAfrica, culled from the archives and libraries ofthe countries ofEurope and later published in eleven volumes. In addition, meetings wereorganized to enableexperts from Africaandother continents to discuss questions of methodology and lay down the broad lines for the project aftercarefulexamination oftheavailablesources. The second stage, which lasted from 1969 to 1971, was devoted to shaping the History and linking its different parts. The purpose of the international meetings of experts held in Paris in 1969 and Addis Ababa in 1970 was to study and define the problemsinvolvedindraftingandpublishingtheHistory; presentationineightvolumes,

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