Africa since 1800

414 Pages·2005·4.429 MB·English

by  Roland Anthony Oliver, Anthony Atmore

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AFRICA SINCE 1800
ThishistoryofmodernAfricatakesasitsstartingpointtheyear1800,
because,althoughbythattimethegreaterpartoftheinteriorofAfrica
hadbecomeknowntotheoutsideworld,mostoftheinitiativesforpo-
liticalandeconomicchangestillremainedinthehandsofAfricanrulers
andtheirpeoples.
Thebookfallsintothreeparts.Thefirstdescribestheprecolonialhis-
toryofAfrica,whilethemiddlesectiondealsthematicallywithpartition
and colonial rule. The third part details the emergence of the modern
nationstatesofAfricaandtheirhistory.Throughoutthe200yearscov-
eredbythebook,Africa,andnotitsinvaders,isatthecentreofthestory.
TheauthorsareasconcernedwiththecontinuityofAfricanhistoryas
withthechangesthathavetakenplaceduringthisperiod.
The new edition covers events up to the middle of 2003, and takes
accountofthefreshperspectivesbroughtaboutbytheendoftheCold
Warandthenewglobalsituationfollowingtheeventsof11September
2001. It is also concerned with the demographic trends that are at the
heart of so many African problems today, with the ravages of diseases
suchasHIV/AIDSandmalariaandwiththeconflictswagedbywarlords
fightingforcontrolofscarceresources.
http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield
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Africa Since 1800
ROLAND OLIVER
ANTHONY ATMORE
Fifth Edition
iii
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
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Contents
ListofMaps page vii
ONE. AFRICANORTHOFTHEEQUATOR 1
TWO. AFRICASOUTHOFTHEEQUATOR 18
THREE. THEOPENINGUPOFAFRICA:(1)FROMTHE
NORTH-EAST 35
FOUR. THEOPENINGUPOFAFRICA:(2)FROMTHEMAGHRIB 52
FIVE. WESTAFRICABEFORETHECOLONIALPERIOD,1800–1875 63
SIX. WESTERNCENTRALAFRICA,1800–1880 78
SEVEN. EASTERNCENTRALAFRICA,1800–1884 90
EIGHT. SOUTHERNAFRICA,1800–1885 103
NINE. THEPARTITIONOFAFRICAONPAPER,1879–1891 118
TEN. THEPARTITIONOFAFRICAONTHEGROUND,1891–1901 130
ELEVEN. COLONIALRULEINTROPICALAFRICA:(1)POLITICAL
ANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS,1885–1914 146
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vi Contents
TWELVE. COLONIALRULEINTROPICALAFRICA:(2)SOCIALAND
RELIGIOUSDEVELOPMENTS 160
THIRTEEN. THEINTER-WARPERIOD,1918–1938 170
FOURTEEN. NORTHANDNORTH-EASTAFRICA,1900–1939 183
FIFTEEN. SOUTHAFRICA,1902–1939 200
SIXTEEN. THELASTYEARSOFCOLONIALRULE 211
SEVENTEEN. THEROADTOINDEPENDENCE:(1)NORTHAND
NORTH-EASTAFRICA 226
EIGHTEEN. THEROADTOINDEPENDENCE:(2)AFRICAFROM
THESAHARATOTHEZAMBEZI 244
NINETEEN. THEROADTOINDEPENDENCE:(3)CENTRALAFRICA 267
TWENTY. THELONGROADTODEMOCRACYINSOUTHERN
AFRICA 283
TWENTYONE. THEPOLITICSOFINDEPENDENTAFRICA 303
TWENTYTWO. ECONOMICSANDSOCIETYININDEPENDENT
AFRICA 323
TWENTYTHREE. INTOTHETHIRDMILLENNIUM 339
EPILOGUE 369
SuggestionsforFurtherReading 383
Index 389
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Maps
1 Northern Africa: geographical features and
vegetation. page2
2 Northern Africa in 1800. 9
3 Africa south of the equator: geographical features
andvegetation. 19
4 Africa south of the equator in 1800. 22
5 North-East Africa: Egyptian expansion. 38
6 North-East Africa: Ethiopian expansion and
theMahdiyya. 48
7 North-West Africa, 1800–1881. 54
8 West Africa, 1800–1875. 70
9 Western Central Africa, 1800–1880: trade routes. 79
10 Western Central Africa, 1800–1880: tribal areas
andmigrations. 84
11 Eastern Central Africa, 1800–1884. 93
12 Early nineteenth-century migrations in South
andEastAfrica. 108
13 Southern Africa, 1800–1885: African migrations. 109
14 Southern Africa, 1800–1885: Boer migrations. 113
15 Europe at the time of the partition of Africa. 121
16 Africa on the eve of partition: African states and
Europeansettlements. 124
17 European partition: Western Africa. 132
18 European partition: East Africa. 139
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viii Maps
19 Southern Africa: the European partition – Britain,
France,andGermany. 141
20 Southern Africa: the European partition – Leopold and
Portugal. 142
21 Africa: the final stage of partition, 1914. 144
22 Africa: colonial economies and administrations. 152
23 Africa and the First World War. 172
24 The Maghrib: economic development during the
colonialperiod. 185
25 North-East Africa under colonial rule: economic and
politicaldevelopment. 186
26 The independence of Africa. 227
27 South Africa and the Bantustans. 292
28 Nigeria: four decades of independence. 309
29 Africa and the Cold War. 316
30 The new South Africa. 321
31 Conflicts in the Horn of Africa. 341
32 Crises in Rwanda and Congo (Zaire). 344
33 Warlords in West Africa. 350
34 Sudan: North vs. South. 357
35 Oil in Africa. 379
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ONE. Africa North of the Equator
The Sahara and Islam: The Bonds Unifying Northern Africa
ThegeographyofthenorthernhalfofAfricaisdominatedbytheSa-
hara desert. Throughout its vast area, 2,800 km (1,700 miles) from
northtosouthandnearly8,000km(5,000miles)fromeasttowest,
rainfall is less than 13 cm (5 inches) a year. Except around a few
oaseswhereundergroundsuppliesofwaterreachthesurface,agri-
culture is impossible, and the desert’s only inhabitants have been
nomadicherdsmen,breedingcamelsandmovingtheiranimalssea-
sonally from one light grazing ground to another. To the north of
the desert lies the temperate Mediterranean coastland – its rainfall
concentrated between January and March, with wheat and barley
as its main cereal crops and sheep, the main stock of its highland
pastures. Southward are the tropics, the land of the summer rains,
favouringadifferentsetoffoodcropsfromthosegrownaroundthe
Mediterranean.InthedesertandnorthwardliveBerbersandArabs,
fair-skinned peoples speaking languages of the Afroasiatic family.
South of the desert begins the ‘land of the blacks’ – to the Greeks;
‘Ethiopia’, to the Berbers, ‘Akal n’Iguinawen’ (Guinea); and to the
Arabs,‘Biladas-Sudan’.
Thedeserthasalwaysbeenaformidableobstacletohumancom-
munication,butfortwothousandyearsatleast–sincetheintroduc-
tionofthehorseandthecamelmadetraveleasier–peoplehaveper-
severedinovercomingitsdifficulties.Beforethedaysofthemotorcar
andtheaeroplane,ittooktwomonthsormoretocross.Nevertheless,
1