Afghanistan : the first five years of soviet occupation PDF
Preview Afghanistan : the first five years of soviet occupation
PhotocourtesyJosephKessel,"LesCavaliers ~1 1 jj jj THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF SOVIET OCCUPATION BRUCE AMSTUTZ J. 1986 National Defense Universify PRESS Washington, D.C 20319-6000 To"Spike"andMaryAnnDubs whogavesomuchforAfghanistan Contents ILLUSTRATIONS **" FOREWORD xvii PREFACE xxi THEGREATGAME:1837-1944 3 OriginsofSovietInterestinAfghanistan 3 The"SocialistKing,"AmanullahKhan(1919-1929) 10 Conclusion 17 GROWINGSOVIETINVOLVEMENT, 1945-1979 19 SovietInfluenceGrows 19 Soviet andUS ObjectivesinthePostwarDecades 27 ThePeople'sDemocraticPartyofAfghanistan(TheAfghan CommunistParty) 30 TheCommunistsCometoPower 37 ReasonsfortheSovietInvasion 40 Conclusion 48 THESECONDSTAGEOFTHEAFGHANREVOLUTION 51 TheSettingon28December 1979 51 TheStructureofPoliticalPower 57 EvolutionofPDPAandDRALeadership 63 Biographic SketchesofPDPAandDRALeaders 69 ProblemsandEvolutionofthePDPA 77 Conclusion 86 x Afghanistan POLITICSOFTHERESISTANCE 87 Background 87 OppositionGroupsinPeshawar:AttemptsatUnification 92 ResistanceGroupsinIran 108 TheResistanceMovementwithinAfghanistan 110 LeftistResistanceGroups 119 FightingamongGuerrillaBands 121 Conclusion 123 THEMILITARYSTRUGGLE 127 1. OVERVIEWANDTACTICS 127 TheLongestSovietForeignWar 127 ConflictingClaimsofTerritorialControl 134 Kabul: SafestoftheSoviet-HeldCities? 138 SovietCounterinsurgencyStrategy 143 MujahidinTactics 152 Conclusion 152 2. OPPOSINGFORCES 155 BalanceofMilitaryForces 155 CasualtiesandEquipmentLossesfromtheGuerilla War 158 SovietMilitaryForces 165 MainProblemsoftheSovietArmy 177 DRAMilitaryForces 180 TheMujahidin 190 Conclusion 196 3. INTERNATIONALAIDTOTHERESISTANCE 199 ForeignAssistancetotheResistance 199 ArmsAidtotheResistance 202 TheResistanceGoesontheAirwaves 215 MedicalAidbytheFrench, Swedes, and ICRC 217 Conclusion 221 REFUGEES 223 NumberofRefugees 224 AttitudeoftheKabulGovernmentand theSoviets 225 EthnicBackgroundandAreaofOriginofRefugees 226 InternationalReliefCareinPakistanandIran 226 SomeLocalTensions 229 Conclusion 230 Contents xi DECLINEANDREDIRECTIONOFTHEAFGHANECONOMY 233 OverallStateoftheAfghanEconomy 235 SovietExploitationandSelf-interestInItsEconomic Relations 256 SovietInterestinAfghanistan'sMineralResources 257 Conclusion 261 THESECRETPOLICE(KHAD)ANDHUMANRIGHTS 263 TheSecretPolice—KHAD 264 Afghanistan'sRecordofHumanRightsPractices 270 FreedomsofExpression, Assembly,Religion,Movement, andParticipationinthePoliticalProcess 278 Conclusion 281 SOVIETCONTROLANDINDOCTRINATION 283 TheMeansofSovietControl 284 TheSovietizationofAfghanistan 298 AftermathofReformsoftheSaurRevolution 314 Conclusion 320 THESEARCHFORADIPLOMATICSETTLEMENTAND AFGHANISTAN'SFOREIGNRELATIONS 323 Soviet-DRAConditionsforSovietTroopWithdrawal 324 DiplomaticEfforts 328 TheDRA'sForeignPolicy 338 RelationswiththeTwo Superpowers 342 DRARelationswithNeighboringCountries 352 Conclusion 368 CONCLUSIONandOUTLOOK 371,377 APPENDIXES A. EightAdditionalLeadersoftheDRAGovernment 385 B. MajorPeshawar-BasedAfghanResistanceLeadersand TheirOrganizations 397 C. GuerrillaGroupAffiliationsin 1983 407 D. HistoryoftheResistanceinOneProvince: Lowgar 411 E. TheWarSituationinOneTypicalAfghanProvince: BadakhshaninLate 1982 415 ENDNOTES 419 BIBLIOGRAPHY 501 INDEX 527 THE AUTHOR 545 Illustrations MAPS South Asia xviii Afghanistan xix and 325 ProvincesofAfghanistan 47and91 Resistance-heldareasthroughoutAfghanistanduringtwocon- trastingyears, 1983 and 1984 111 Kabul 141 Sites whereoperationstookplacewiththeaidofAFRANE (AmitiesFranco-Afghane) during 1980-84 201 Soviet"annexation"ofAfghanterritory 293 BadakhshanProvince 415 PHOTOGRAPHS TheSalangPass xxiii Snow-coveredpeaksinLogarprovince xxv FeudalresidenceinParwanprovince 7 TheKabulRiveratSarobi 9 VillageinWardakprovince 13 HafizullahAmin 33 NurMohammadTaraki 33 BabrakKarmal 39and71 SultanAliKeshtmand, DRAPrimeMinister 75 (Dr.)SalehMohammadZeary 75 MohammadDaoud, PresidentofAfghanistan, 1973-78 89 xiii
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