Aerodynamics PDF
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Peiqing Liu Aerodynamics Aerodynamics Peiqing Liu Aerodynamics Peiqing Liu Lu Shijia Laboratory Beihang University Beijing, China ISBN 978-981-19-4585-4 ISBN 978-981-19-4586-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4586-1 Jointly published with Science Press, Beijing, China The print edition is not for sale in China mainland. Customers from China mainland please order the print book from: Science Press. Translation from the Chinese language edition: “Kong Qi Dong Li Xue” by Peiqing Liu, © Science Press 2021. Published by Science Press. All Rights Reserved. © Science Press 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword This book is compiled on the basis of the lectures given by the author in their 20 years of teaching fluid mechanics and aerodynamics courses at Beihang University. In the compilation process, the author adhered to the style of the Göttingen School of Applied Mechanics and the idea of combining theory and application advocated by Dr. Lu Shijia. This book’s characteristics are strengthening the foundation, facing engineering, and going from shallow to deep, guiding readers to obtain inspiration from natural phenomena and experimental observations in order to stimulate interest, condense key scientific issues, and improve independent innovation capabilities. This book is divided into two parts: basic aerodynamics and applied aerodynamics. The basic part of aerodynamics includes the principles and basic equations of fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics. It clarifies the different characteristics of ideal and viscous flows, incompressible and compressible flows, and reveals waves, vortices, turbulence, and separation phenomena in flows. It focuses on analyzing the epoch- making achievements of modern mechanics—Prandtl boundary layer theory and its significance to the rapid development of aeronautical engineering. In the applied aerodynamics part, it mainly elaborates on the flow around the airfoil, wing, fuselage, and wing-body combination from low speed to high subsonic speed, transonic speed, and supersonic speed, focusing on the aerodynamic characteristics and flow control such as lift and drag, and principles, such as drag reduction, increased lift technology, and supercritical wing design methods for overcoming sound barriers. After the readers have mastered the above-mentioned basic principles of aerodynamics, they can draw inferences from one another and carry out research on low-speed industrial aerodynamics such as high-speed trains, large fans, high-rise buildings, and new bridges, and even become hypersonic researcher in the field of aerospace engineering by further learning aero-thermochemistry. This book can be used as a reference textbook for undergraduates, postgraduates, teachers, scientific researchers, and engineering technicians in the fields of aircraft design and engineering, engineering mechanics, flight mechanics, missile design, etc. This book is the crystallization of the author’s many years of first-line teaching experience. I am convinced that readers will benefit a lot after studying it, so I am v vi Foreword willing to write a preface for it, and I am willing to solemnly recommend this book to readers. Beijing, China Li Jiachun June 2020 Preface Aerodynamics is the core course of the aircraft design and engineering major at Beihang University. It is a professional basic course after advanced mathematics, theoretical mechanics, and material mechanics. Its overall positioning is through teaching the basic principles and methods of aerodynamics, focusing on cultivating students’ aerospace awareness, the ability to pose and solve problems, and the ability to comprehensively use the knowledge they have learned to carry out innovative practices. This textbook is compiled based on the syllabus of aeronautical engineering majors in our school. It is divided into two parts: basic aerodynamics and applied aerodynamics. It focuses on the basic principles and methods of aerodynamics, as well as the aerodynamic characteristics of the low-speed, subsonic, and transonic and supersonic flows, which are mainly served by undergraduates majoring in aircraft design and universities. It can also be used as a reference book for students and technicians in adjacent majors. This textbook is compiled based on the author’s lectures on aerodynamics courses taught at Beihang University in the past 20 years. Beijing University of Aeronau- tics and Astronautics has offered aerodynamics courses since its establishment of the school in 1952. The textbook used in the 1980s was “Basic Aerodynamics” compiled by Xu Huafang of our school. The textbook used in the 1990s was Aerodynamics compiled by Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing Univer- sity of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Northwestern Polytechnical University (edited by Chen Zaixin, Liu Fuchang, and Bao Guohua); Aerodynamics for aircraft was edited by Yang Zuosheng and Yu Shouqin from Nanjing University of Aero- nautics and Astronautics and Aerodynamics by Qian Yiji from our school since the beginning of the twenty-first century. In order to adapt to the development of modern aerodynamics, under the impetus of teaching reform, the author has integrated and modified the teaching content in the course of teaching for many years to reflect the cutting-edge and contemporary nature of the teaching content. In the process of compiling, the author adhered to the academic thoughts of Applied Mechanics for Göttingen University and the principle of combining theory and application that Mr. Lu Shijia has always advocated, guiding readers to be good at getting inspiration from vii viii Preface natural phenomena and experimental processes, condensing scientific ideas, stimu- lating learning interest, and raising the sense of innovation. For example, the classic potential flow theory in the original textbook has been deleted, and the contents of viscous flow, boundary layer theory and separation, and aerodynamic principles of high-lift devices have been added. This textbook has a total of 128 hours, including 80 hours for basic aerodynamics (including 64 hours for theoretical teaching and 16 hours for experimental teaching), and 48 hours for applied aerodynamics (including 32 hours for theoretical teaching and 16 hours for course design). Part I of this textbook consists of seven chapters on the basis of aerodynamics. Chapter 1 explains the history of aerodynamics, research objects, classifications, methods, etc. Chapter 2 introduces the physical properties of fluid and air, the prin- ciple of hydrostatics, and the standard atmosphere. Chapter 3 introduces the principle of fluid kinematics and dynamics, the differential equations of ideal fluid motion (Eulerian equations) and vortex motion, etc. Chapter 4 introduces the ideal incom- pressible fluid plane potential flow theory, the superposition principle of singular points such as point vortices, point sources (sinks), and dipoles. Chapter 5 intro- duces the differential equations of viscous hydrodynamic motion (Navier–Stokes equations) and its characteristics. Chapter 6 introduces the boundary layer theory and its separation. Chapter 7 introduces the basics of compressible aerodynamics, one-dimensional compression flow equations, shock waves, and expansion waves. Part II of this textbook consists of seven chapters on applied aerodynamics. Chapter 8 introduces the phenomenon of low-speed airfoil flows, aerodynamic char- acteristics, thin airfoil theory, etc. Chapter 9 introduces the phenomenon of low- speed wing flow, aerodynamic characteristics, and its lift line theory. Chapter 10 introduces the phenomenon of low-speed flow around the wing-body assembly, aero- dynamic characteristics and interference mechanism, etc. Chapter 11 introduces the subsonic airfoil and wing flow and aerodynamic characteristics, as well as compres- sion correction, etc. Chapter 12 introduces the supersonic airfoil and wing flow and air aerodynamic characteristics, as well as the impact of shock waves and expan- sion waves on aerodynamics, etc. Chapter 13 introduces the transonic airfoil and wing flow phenomenon and aerodynamic characteristics. Chapter 14 introduces the phenomenon of flow around high-lift devices of large aircraft and its aerodynamic characteristics. Based on the theoretical teaching of this textbook, eight aerodynamic experiment items are configured, including Steady flow energy equation of incompressible fluid, Law of steady flow of incompressible fluid, Reynolds flow transition experiment, measurement of incompressible fluid in the boundary layer over the flat, Drawing Ma number distribution test along the valve nozzle, Display test of the flow around a cylinder and delta wing, and Airfoil pressure distribution and the wind tunnel test of the aerodynamic forces acting on wing. The PPT that matches this textbook is compiled on the basis of the long-term teaching practice of all teachers in the course group, and has been revised twice. This set of teaching plans is based on theoretical teaching. The teaching content is appropriate, with illustrations and texts. The concept is clear and the structure is reasonable. It is very popular among students. The first edition was completed by Preface ix Peiqing Liu, Zhang Hua, Wu Zongcheng, and Chen Zemin; the second edition was a revised version of the first edition, completed by Qu Qiulin and Liu Peiqing; the third edition was a revised edition of the second edition, completed by Guo Hao and Liu Peiqing. Approximately 90 WeChat textbooks supporting this textbook are distributed nationwide on the aerodynamics teaching platform and the Fengliu Zhiyin WeChat platform. Academician Li Jiachun of the Institute of Mechanics from the Chinese Academy of Sciences was pleased to write a foreword for this book, and I would like to express my deep gratitude to him. Professor Fu Song from Tsinghua University, Prof. Sun Mao from Beijing Univer- sity of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Prof. Zheng Yao from Zhejiang University reviewed the first draft of this book and provided valuable comments. I would like to express my sincere thanks to them. Thanks to all the teachers in the Aerodynamics Course Group of Beihang Univer- sity for their long-term support of the author’s teaching work, especially the enlight- enment and help in the years of teaching seminars. Thanks to Prof. Qu Qiulin and Assoc. Prof. Guo Hao for their great help in the writing process. Thanks to the Ph.D. student Liu Yuan for compiling the problem sets for each chapter. Beijing, China Peiqing Liu June 2020 About This Book This book is a textbook compiled for the major “aerodynamics” courses of my country’s aerospace engineering. It is divided into two parts: basic aerodynamics and applied aerodynamics. It focuses on the basic principles and methods of aerody- namics, and the aerodynamic characteristics of low, subsonic, transonic, and super- sonic flows around aircraft. The book is divided into fourteenth chapters, in which there are seven chapters on the basis of aerodynamics, including fluid kinematics and dynamics principles, ideal fluid motion differential equations (Eulerian equations) and vortex motion, the plane potential flow theory and singular point superposi- tion principle for ideal incompressible fluid, the differential equations of mechanical motion (Navier–Stokes equations) and its characteristics for viscous fluid, boundary layer theory, and its separation, and the basis of compressible aerodynamics. There are seven chapters of applied aerodynamics, including the phenomenon around low- speed airfoil flows and thin wing airfoil theory, low-speed wing flows and lift line theory, low-speed flows and interference mechanism of wing-body assembly, aero- dynamic characteristics of subsonic airfoil and wing flows, aerodynamic character- istics of supersonic airfoil and wing flows, aerodynamic characteristics of transonic airfoil and wing flows, and aerodynamic characteristics of high-lift devices of a large aircraft. This book can be used as an undergraduate textbook for aircraft design and engi- neering, engineering mechanics, flight mechanics, missile design, and other majors. It can also be used as a reference by graduate students, teachers, researchers, and engineering technicians in aerospace-related majors. xi
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