Advances in Psoriasis. A Multisystemic Guide

415 Pages·2012·10.441 MB·English

by  Jeffrey M. Weinberg, Mark Lebwohl

Advances in Psoriasis
A Multisystemic Guide
Jeffrey M. Weinberg
Mark Lebwohl
Editors
Second Edition
123
Advances in Psoriasis
Jeffrey M. Weinberg • Mark Lebwohl
Editors
Advances in Psoriasis
A Multisystemic Guide
Second Edition
Editors
Jeffrey M. Weinberg Mark Lebwohl
Department of Dermatology, Suite 11D Icahn School of Medicine
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
at Mount Sinai New York, NY
New York, NY USA
USA
ISBN 978-3-030-54858-2 ISBN 978-3-030-54859-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54859-9
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2014, 2021
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Contents
1 Introduction to and History of Psoriasis and
Psoriasis Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
John B. Cameron and Abby S. Van Voorhees
2 Pathophysiology of Psoriasis/Novel Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Jeremy M. Hugh and Jeffrey M. Weinberg
3 Psoriasis: Clinical Review and Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ivan Grozdev and Neil J. Korman
4 Psoriasis: Epidemiology, Potential Triggers,
Disease Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ivan Grozdev and Neil J. Korman
5 Topical Therapy I: Corticosteroids and
Vitamin D Analogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Eric J. Yang and Shari R. Lipner
6 Topical Therapy II: Retinoids, Immunomodulators,
and Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Lyn C. Guenther
7 Topical Therapy II: Retinoids, Immunomuodulators,
and Others/Ultraviolet Therapy for Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Kristen M. Beck and John Koo
8 Laser Therapy in Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Quinn Thibodeaux and John Koo
9 Traditional Systemic Therapy I: Methotrexate
and Cyclosporine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Erin Boh, Andrew Joselow, and Brittany Stumpf
10 Traditional Systemic Therapy II:
Retinoids and Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Vignesh Ramachandran, Ted Rosen, Misha Koshelev,
and Fareesa Shuja Sandoval
11 Apremilast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Jerry Bagel and Elise Nelson
12 Etanercept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Andrew F. Alexis and Charlotte M. Clark
v
vi Contents
13 Adalimumab for Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Cooper B. Tye and Jennifer C. Cather
14 Infliximab, Golimumab, and Certolizumab Pegol . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Jacob A. Mojeski and Robert E. Kalb
15 Ustekinumab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
George Han, Caitriona Ryan, and Craig L. Leonardi
16 Guselkumab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Deep Joshipura, Brooke Rothstein, and David Rosmarin
17 Tidrakizumab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
George Han
18 Risankizumab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Erica B. Lee, Deeti J. Pithadia, Kelly A. Reynolds,
and Jashin J. Wu
19 Secukinumab for the Treatment of Inflammatory
Skin and Joint Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Jason E. Hawkes and Avishan Vishi Hawkes
20 Ixekizumab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Caitriona Ryan and Roisin O’Connor
21 Brodalumab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Annika S. Silfvast-Kaiser, Dario Kivelevitch, So Yeon Paek,
and Alan Menter
22 Biosimilars for Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Sarah Lonowski, Nirali Patel, Nika Cyrus,
and Paul S. Yamauchi
23 Research Pipeline I: Oral Therapeutics for Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . 291
D. Grand, K. Navrazhina, J. W. Frew, and J. E. Hawkes
24 Research Pipeline II: Upcoming Biologic Therapies . . . . . . . . . . 303
Ahuva D. Cices and Jeffrey M. Weinberg
25 Pediatric Psoriasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Starling Tolliver, Amber N. Pepper, Salma Pothiawala,
and Nanette B. Silverberg
26 Challenges in Psoriasis Treatment: Nail, Scalp,
and Palmoplantar Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Jeffrey J. Crowley
27 Psoriasis and Comorbidities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Philip M. Laws and Richard B. Warren
28 Summary of Published Treatment Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Vignesh Ramachandran, Abigail Cline,
and Steven R. Feldman
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
1
Introduction to and History
of Psoriasis and Psoriasis Therapy
John B. Cameron and Abby S. Van Voorhees
Abstract icity. The use of tar and anthralin, while still in
use today by some, were some of the first
The history of psoriasis has had a long and
modalities to provide care. Early observations
complicated path. With initial challenges in
by Goeckerman and Ingram demonstrated the
recognizing this disease, psoriasis was misun-
benefit of combining these topical treatments
derstood in ancient times as documented in the
with ultraviolet B light to allow for enhanced
Bible as well as in other ancient texts. At first
efficacy. In the 1970s both methotrexate and
mistakenly thought to be leprosy or other infec-
PUVA photochemotherapy were developed,
tious processes such as impetigo, those with
allowing for the outpatient care of psoriasis.
psoriasis were ostracized from their communi-
Systemic and topical retinoids followed, as
ties. It was only in the mid 1800s that Camille
did narrowband UVB. It was however, the ser-
Gibert clarified psoriasis as a papulosquamous
endipitous discovery of the benefit of cyclo-
disease. Remarkable progress in our under-
sporine that truly allowed us to understand the
standing has occurred over the millennium,
importance of the immune system in this dis-
some a result of scientific investigation while
ease. Drugs first targeting T cells were then
other has come as a consequence of serendipity.
followed by those targeting TNF, and now
Even in the just the past decade we continue to
more recently those targeting IL17 and IL23.
refine our understanding of the immune dys-
With each new achievement in the understand-
regulation that causes this condition.
ing of psoriasis, the ability to more finely tar-
Given the poor characterization of this dis-
get the abnormalities of the immune system
ease, those with psoriasis also suffered from a
has improved, and with that, the efficacy of
lack of effective treatments. We review the
our newest agents has greatly expanded.
history of the treatments that have been
employed. Starting with Fowler’s solution,
sometimes the treatments had significant tox-
Key Learning Objectives
1. To understand the evolution of the under-
J. B. Cameron standing of the pathogenesis of psoriasis
Department of History, Old Dominion University, 2. To understand the evolution of the treat-
Norfolk, VA, USA ment paradigm for psoriasis
A. S. Van Voorhees (*) 3. To describe the evolving understanding
Department of Dermatology, Eastern Virginia of the diagnosis of psoriasis over time
Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 1
J. M. Weinberg, M. Lebwohl (eds.), Advances in Psoriasis,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54859-9_1
2 J. B. Cameron and A. S. Van Voorhees
History of Psoriasis
MOIST
An understanding of disease overall and, skin dis-
air water
ease in particular, has been a unique part of modern
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SanguinePhlegmatic
ease itself, and consequent progress in treatment HOT COLD
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of disease has progressed over time and the often Fire MMUS earth
serendipitous findings of treatment options.
Pre-scientific societies often viewed disease
as resulting from a violation of the sacred order, DRY
the malignant influence of magic or the breaking DIAGRAM OF HUMOURS, ELEMENTS,
of a taboo. For example the entire thirteenth QUALITIES, AND SEASONS
chapter of the Book of Leviticus concerns how
the priests may determine if an outbreak on the
skin is leprosy and the fourteenth chapter con- Identification of Psoriasis as a Unique
cerns which animals (lambs and birds) shall be Disease
sacrificed to purify the victim.1
The first cultures that developed notions of It is extremely difficult to tease out the history of
rational science were China and Greece. Western psoriasis and its treatment in the ancient world
medicine finds its roots in the Greek belief that dis- because of confusion between psoriasis and
ease results from natural causes, that in some way many other diseases. Furthermore in the past the
the balance or integrity of the body has been dis- names assigned to diseases and symptoms were
rupted. Treatment, therefore, consisted in restoring arbitrary and inconsistent. Identification of pso-
that balance or integrity. Hippocrates may be the riasis in Egypt is especially difficult because of
father of western medicine but the most influential confusion between the disease and leprosy in
founder was more likely Galen of Pergamon (130– later times.3 However, since extensive examina-
200 CE) To Galen the human body was a very tion of Egyptians mummies would indicate that
complex organism made up not just of the four leprosy was not present in Egypt before the com-
humors but also of gradations of dry and moist and mon era, it is possible that psoriasis was misla-
hot and cool.2 Treatment of disease was not limited beled as leprosy.
to bleedings and purges but also included the use of We face similar problems of terminology in
lotions designed to restore health. Galen’s system Greek medicine. The Corpus Hippocraticum
was so completely accepted that only in the nine- contains precise descriptions and treatments for
teenth century would the humors and miasma dis- many recognizable diseases of the skin.4 Again, it
appear from medical belief to be replaced by the is likely that much of what was referred to as lep-
germ theory of disease. rosy was in fact psoriasis. The appearance of true
leprosy early in the common era compounded the
confusion and sometimes lead to harsh treat-
1 The Bible Book of Leviticus, chapters 13 and 14.
2 Arikha, N (2007) Passions and Tempers. Harper
Perennial, New York. Also Crissey, JT, Parish, LC, Stelley, 3 Pusey WA (1933) History of Dermatology. Charles
WB (1981) The Dermatology and Syphilology of the C. Thomas, Baltimore, pp 11–17.
Nineteenth Century. Praeger Scientific, New  York, 4 Pusey WA (1933) History of Dermatology. Charles
pp. 4–5. C. Thomas, Baltimore, pp 19–25.
1 Introduction to and History of Psoriasis and Psoriasis Therapy 3
ments for those with psoriasis since lepers were he delivered an address entitled, “The Etiology
often isolated and forbidden to associate with of Psoriasis” pointing out the tendency of
non-leprosy population. prior trauma to produce psoriasis lesions. The
The first indisputable reference to psoriasis “Koebner Phenomenon” is still viewed as an
comes from the fifth and sixth books of Aulus important indication of psoriasis.9 In 1898
Cornelius Celsus, De Re Medica (circa 25 BCE- Munro described the micro abscesses of pso-
circa 50 CE) a Roman who compiled an exten- riasis now called Munro’s abscesses. With the
sive list of diseases and treatment for use by addition in the early twentieth century of Leo
estate owners.5 Celsus did not use the term pso- van Zumbusch of generalized pustular psoriasis
riasis but rather describes it under the heading and Waranoff’s description of the pale halo now
impetigo. called “woranoff ring,” accurate diagnosis of
After the collapse of Roman culture, the prac- psoriasis became commonplace.
tice of scientific medicine in the west disappeared
and only returned as a part of the Renaissance.
Geronimo Mercurialis penned a summary of History of the Treatment of Psoriasis
what was known of skin diseases in 1572.6
Mercuralis lumped psoriasis in with other dis- The history of the treatment of psoriasis has
eases as Lepra. He mentions several treatments been largely driven by serendipitous findings.
including wolf dung rubbed in with vinegar, The late 1700s and 1800s included treatments
blood of a mountain goat as well as the rubbing such as arsenic, chrysarobin and ammoniated
of psoriasis with cantharides. mercury. Anthralin and tar came into widespread
Robert Willan (1757–1812) set out clear use in the first half of the twentieth century.
and uniform nomenclature of skin diseases in Starting in the 1950s topical steroids were devel-
1809. However, his terminology unfortunately oped followed by the arrival of methotrexate,
perpetuated some confusion in that he called retinoids, and immunosuppressive medications
psoriasis lepra vulgaris.7 That confusion would in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s respectively. An
end by mid-century when Camille Melchoir enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of
Gibert (1792–1866) dropped lepra vulgaris psoriasis has allowed for more targeted drug
and used only psoriasis as the sole term for development in the twenty-first century. Our
the disease and his work made clear important therapeutic armamentarium now includes medi-
distinctions among papulosquamous diseases.8 cations known as the biologics which target vari-
Gibert’s successors improved the distinctions. ous aspects of the immune system allowing for
Hebra fully distinguished the clinical practice its regulation.
of leprosy from psoriasis; Heinrich Auspitz
(1835–1886) noted bleeding points after remov-
ing scales (Auspitz sign); Heinrich Köebner Arsenic, Ammoniated Mercury
made an important contribution in 1872 when and Chrysarobin
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
5 Pusey WA (1933) History of Dermatology. Charles
three topical agents are known to have been used
C. Thomas, Baltimore, p. 28.
in the treatment of psoriasis. While probably first
6 Sixteenth Century Physician and his Methods:
Mercurialis on Diseases of the Skin. Translated from De developed by the ancient Greeks, arsenic solu-
Morbis Cutaneis et Omnibus Corporis Humani tion was first utilized in dermatology in 1786.10
Excrementis Tractatus, by Sutton RL Jr (1986) The Lowel
Press,Kansas City, Missouri.
7 Pusey WA (1933) History of Dermatology. Charles 9 Crissey JT, Parish LC, Shelley WB (1981) The dermatol-
C. Thomas, Baltimore, pp62ff. ogy and syphilology of the nineteenth century. Praiger
8 Pusey WA (1933) History of Dermatology. Charles Publishers, New York, pp 367–369.
C. Thomas, Baltimore, pp 81–82. 10 Farber M, “History of the treatment of psoriasis,” J
4 J. B. Cameron and A. S. Van Voorhees
The first report of its use in psoriasis though was acid, zinc oxide and ultraviolet light. For many
attributed to Girdlestone in 1806. He is credited decades this combination was the mainstay of
with noting the efficacy of Fowler’s solution for psoriasis treatment in Europe.
improving the lesions of psoriasis.11 Ammoniated Coal tar was also pioneered in the early 1900s.
mercury, another topical agent was also used at In 1925 Goeckerman noted the beneficial effect
this same time.12 The use of this mercury in the of the combination of coal tar with ultraviolet
topical treatment of psoriasis has been attrib- light B radiation in the treatment of psoriasis.15
uted to Dr. Fox in 1880. It was championed as While the beneficial effect of sunlight on psoria-
well by Duhring. The use of both of these topi- sis had been long known, Goeckerman realized
cal agents continued until the 1950s and 1960s that this effect might be enhanced if combined
when concerns about their possible toxicity risks with a topical photosensitizer. The success of this
and accidental poisonings caused their prohibi- approach was demonstrated by its widespread
tion. The third topical agent that was identified use for many decades. While both the Goeckerman
was chrysarobin. A serendipitous finding, it was protocol and the Ingram protocol were often
noted to be of benefit in the treatment of psoriasis effective, the main limitation of these approaches
by Balmonno Squire in 1876. His patient, who was that they were very time-intensive, requiring
was using Goa powder to treat a presumed fungal patients to remain hospitalized for weeks each
infection, was noted to have improvement of his year to control their disease.
psoriasis. Kaposi in 1878 also published his expe-
rience with this topical approach to psoriasis.
Corticosteroids
Anthralin and Tar The development of steroids both for systemic
and topical use revolutionized the treatments of
After the first identification of the potential ben- many diseases including psoriasis. First discov-
efit of chrysarobin, the 1900s were a time of its ered in 1950, it was only two years later that the
further exploration. During the early part of this potential role of this agent in a topical form was
century scientists learned how to convert chrysa- demonstrated in psoriasis.16 Known as compound
robin to anthralin. The active agent was identified F, hydrocortisone was beneficial in treating pso-
as 2-methyl dithranol. During World War 1 when riasis. From this time to the present, topical ste-
natural supplies were interrupted the process of roids have continued to play a significant role in
synthesizing anthralin was discovered. It was reducing the inflammation in various cutaneous
then in 1916 that Unna came to understand the conditions. Topical steroids continue to be the
potential of this compound in the treatment of most frequently prescribed medication in the
psoriasis.13 In 1953, Ingram further refined the treatment of psoriasis today.
treatment of psoriasis with anthralin.14 He dem-
onstrated that treatment could be enhanced by
utilizing the combination of anthralin, salicylic Methotrexate and PUVA
Methotrexate was developed in the 1950s for the
Amer Acad Dermaol 1992; 27: 640–5.
11 Bechet PE, “History of the use of arsenic in dermatol- treatment of malignancies. As seen with treat-
ogy,” Arch Dermatol 1931; 23: 110–7. ments before, it was only a short while before its
12 Farber EM, “History of the treatment of psoriasis,” J
Amer Acad Dermatol 1992; 27: 640–5.
13 Unna PG” Cignolin als Heilmittel der psoriasis,” 15 Goeckerman WH, “Treatment of Psoriasis,” Northwest
Dermatol Wochenschr 1916; 62: 116–86. Fry L,” Med 1925; 24: 229.
Psoriasis,” 1988; 119: 445–561. 16 Sulzberger MB, Witten VH, “The Effect of topically
14 Ingram JT, “The Approach to Psoriasis,” Br Med J 1953; applied coumpound F in select dermatoses,” J Invest
2: 591–594. Dermatol 1952; 19: 101.