Table Of Content

Satbir Singh Gosal Shabir Hussain Wani Editors Accelerated Plant Breeding, Volume 1 Cereal Crops Accelerated Plant Breeding, Volume 1 Satbir Singh Gosal • Shabir Hussain Wani Editors Accelerated Plant Breeding, Volume 1 Cereal Crops Editors Satbir Singh Gosal Shabir Hussain Wani Punjab Agricultural University Mountain Research Center for Field Crops Ludhiana, Punjab, India Khudwani Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India ISBN 978-3-030-41865-6 ISBN 978-3-030-41866-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41866-3 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This book is dedicated to Dr. Gurdev Singh Khush—An acknowledged hero of rice revolution. Dr. Gurdev Singh Khush Dr. G.S. Khush was born in a small village Rurkee of district Jalandhar, Punjab, India. He obtained B.Sc. degree in 1955 from Government Agricultural College (now Punjab Agricultural University) Ludhiana and Ph.D. in 1960 from the University of California, Davis, USA. Dr. Khush is a world-renowned Geneticist and Plant Breeder who worked at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Manila, Philippines for 35 years. He has made enormous contributions to rice genetics and breeding. He is considered the main archi- tect of green revolution in rice. More than 300 rice varieties (including mega varieties IR36 and IR 64), developed under his leadership, have been grown on 60% of the world’s rice land. World rice production increased from 257 million tons in 1966 to 600 million tons in 2000 and most of the rice growing countries became self-sufficient in rice. He has visited more than 60 rice growing countries to observe rice research and production systems, and served as a consultant to many National Rice Improvement Programs. For his contribution to rice research and production, Dr. Khush has been honored with World Food Prize, which is regarded as equivalent to the Nobel Prize in agriculture. Other international awards received by him include; Japan Prize, Rank Prize From UK, Wolf Prize in Agriculturefrom Israel, Golden Sickle Award from Thailand, and Mahathir Science Award from Malaysia. He has been bestowed Honorary Doctorate degrees by 16 Universities, including Punjab Agricultural University (India), Cambridge University (UK), Ohio State University (USA), McGill University (Canada). Dr. Khush has been elected to world’s most presti- gious academies such as US National Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of London and Indian National Science Academy. He has received fellowships of sev- eral scientific societies. His alma mater, University of California, Davis awarded him its highest honor, a University Medal in 2018. Dr. Khush has supervised 49 M.Sc./Ph.D. students, mentored 26 Postdoctoral Fellows and trained numerous rice vii viii Dr. Gurdev Singh Khush breeders. Dr. Khush has served as a member of Editorial Boards of more than 15 research journals. He has authored 3 Books, edited 6 Books, written 84 book chapters, 24 invited review articles and published over 250 research papers in referred journals. Through a generous donation, Dr. Khush has established ‘Dr. Gurdev Singh Khush Foundation for Advancement of Agricultural Sciences’ at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India. Foreword The plant breeding started with the process of “selection” which led to the domesti- cation of about 500 plant species through centuries as a maiden act of artificial selection of plants for human consumption. Such a form of plant breeding started simply as an art because little was known about the scientific basis of the plant traits. Over the years, plant breeding was put on sound scientific basis all the way through contributions from Mendelian genetics. Plant breeding which was earlier considered “art and science for changing and improving the characteristics of plants” is now greatly reliant on science. Plant breeding methods such as selection, hybridiza- tion, polyploidy, and induced mutations lead into superior crop varieties with high yield, quality, and resistance to biotic/abiotic stresses. The world food grain production, which was 918 million tons during 1961, has been enhanced to 3076 million tons during 2017. Similarly, the world population which was 3070 million in 1961 increased to 7600 million in 2017. During this period, the food grain production increase (235.08%) was more as compared to population increase (147.56%). Thus, the per capita food grain production (2.99 qtls. in 1961) has been enhanced to 4.05 qtls. in 2017. The development and release of high yielding crop varieties and hybrids has played a major role in increasing food grain production world over. In the current scenario of changing climate and WTO, farmers desire for new varieties, suitable not only for local consumption but also for export purposes. The pursuit for sustainable agriculture can benefit greatly from powerful new technologies that accelerate the process of plant breeding. Accelerated Plant Breeding: Cereal Crops, edited by Drs. Satbir Singh Gosal and Shabir Hussain Wani, is aimed to describe the innovative methods which supplement/complement the conventional breeding methods for precision and accelerated crop improvement. The book includes chapters prepared by specialists and subject experts on different cereal crops/aspects in relation to accelerated breeding. The first chapter introduces various methods/technologies currently being used to accelerate the breeding process for early release of varieties. Further specific chapters dealing with data management and advanced quantitative genetics technologies have been included. Recent “speed breeding” and “genomic selection” methods have been described in separate chapters. Besides, chapters dealing with accelerated breeding of major cereal crops such as rice, bread ix x Foreword and durum wheat, maize, barley, finger millet, barnyard millet, and sorghum have been included. Thus, this volume provides state-of-the-art information on new innovative methods/technologies which hold significant promise to speed up the process of plant breeding. I feel that this book will be very useful for students, research scholars, plant breeders, and scientists working in the areas of genomics, cellular/ molecular biology, and biotechnology. I congratulate the editors of this book Dr. S.S. Gosal and Dr. Shabir Hussain Wani for getting valuable contributions from the selected experts working on important cereal crops. G. S. Nanda Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India Preface Plant breeding is a continuous process which results into new crop varieties with improved characteristics. In the current scenario of climate change and global warming, there is rapid emergence of new races of insect-pests and new pathotypes of disease-causing agents. Minor insect-pests/pathogens are rapidly emerging as major ones. Heat and drought stresses are becoming serious threats. Under current WTO regime, farmers desire new high yielding varieties not only for local consumption but also for export purposes. Thus, plant breeders have to constantly develop new stainable varieties with high yield, quality, resistance to diseases and insect-pests, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Now, the cultivator also demands for high yielding varieties possessing durable and multiple disease resistance, early maturity, higher harvest index, dual purpose forages, varieties with nutrient-use efficiency/water-use efficiency, wider adaptability, suitable for mechanized harvesting, with better shelf life, better processing quality, with improved minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. Using conventional approaches, in a self-pollinated crop like wheat, it takes about 10–12 years for the development and release of the new variety. Therefore, an efficient improvement in the existing cultivars is necessary to meet the challenge and rising food demand. The quest for sustainable agriculture can benefit greatly from powerful new technologies that accelerate plant breeding. In the current era of Breeding 4.0, where specific parts in the genome can be targeted, technological advances along with the data revolution greatly improve the capacity of plant geneticists and breeders to develop durable varieties. Therefore, this book will be highlighting the innovative techniques/technologies such as doubled haploidy, micropropagation, somaclonal variation, embryo culture, marker-assisted selection, marker-assisted background selection, genomic selection, high-throughput genotyping, high-throughput pheno- typing, reverse breeding, transgenic breeding, shuttle breeding, speed breeding, genome editing, advanced quantitative genetics technologies, and intentional and standardized data management presently being used to supplement/complement the conventional approaches for accelerating plant breeding. This volume provides an authoritative review account of various innovative methods/approaches and improvement in important cereal crops that has been made in the recent past. The xi