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Abnormal Child Psychology SIXTH EdITIon Eric J. Mash Oregon Health & Science University and University of Calgary DaviD a. WolfE Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto 01423_fm.indd 2 9/5/14 2:14 PM Abnormal Child Psychology Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 1 9/5/14 2:14 PM Abnormal Child Psychology SIXTH EdITIon Eric J. Mash Oregon Health & Science University and University of Calgary DaviD a. WolfE Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 2 9/5/14 2:14 PM Abnormal Child Psychology SIXTH EdITIon Eric J. Mash Oregon Health & Science University and University of Calgary DaviD a. WolfE Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States iii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 3 9/5/14 2:14 PM Abnormal Child Psychology SIXTH EdITIon Eric J. Mash This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, Oregon Health & Science University some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed and content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For University of Calgary valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. DaviD a. WolfE Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 2 9/5/14 2:14 PM Abnormal Child Psychology, Sixth Edition © 2016, 2013 Cengage Learning Eric J. Mash and David A. Wolfe WCN: 02-200-203 Product Director: Jon-David Hague ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Design element: © an_ju/Shutterstock.com Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2014 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 4 9/5/14 2:14 PM Brief Contents Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Reviewers xxii Part 1 Understanding Abnormal Child Psychology 1 Introduction to Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Children and Adolescents 1 2 Theories and Causes 27 3 Research 55 4 Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment 82 Part 2 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 5 Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) 124 6 Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia 156 7 Communication and Learning Disorders 195 8 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 227 Part 3 Behavioral and Emotional Disorders 9 Conduct Problems 267 10 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders 310 11 Anxiety and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders 355 12 Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 400 Part 4 Problems Related to Physical and Mental Health 13 Health-Related and Substance-Use Disorders 441 14 Feeding and Eating Disorders 475 Epilogue 506 Glossary 507 References 517 Name Index 598 Subject Index 617 v Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 5 9/5/14 2:14 PM Contents Preface xvii Special Issues Concerning Adolescents and Sexual Minority Youths 22 Acknowledgments xxi Lifespan Implications 22 Reviewers xxii A Closer Look 1.6: Current Reports on Mental Health Issues Pertaining to Children and Youths 23 Part 1 Looking Ahead 24 Study Resources 26 Understanding abnormal Child Psychology 2 I Theories and Causes 27 What Is Causing Jorge’s Problems? 28 1 I Introduction to Normal and Jorge: Not Keeping Up 29 Abnormal Behavior in Children Theoretical Foundations 31 and Adolescents 1 Developmental Psychopathology Perspective 31 Georgina: Counting for Safety 2 An Integrative Approach 35 Historical Views and Breakthroughs 3 Developmental Considerations 35 The Emergence of Social Conscience 4 Organization of Development 36 A Closer Look 1.1: Victor of Aveyron 5 Biological Perspectives 36 Early Biological Attributions 5 Neural Plasticity and the Role of Experience 37 A Closer Look 1.2: Masturbatory Insanity 6 Genetic Contributions 38 Early Psychological Attributions 7 A Closer Look 2.1: Gene–Environment Interactions in Evolving Forms of Treatment 8 Abnormal Child Psychology 39 A Closer Look 1.3: Little Albert, Big Fears, and Sex in Neurobiological Contributions 41 Advertising 9 A Closer Look 2.2: The HPA Axis and Stress Progressive Legislation 10 Regulation 43 A Closer Look 1.4: UN Convention on the Rights of Psychological Perspectives 44 Persons with Disabilities (2007) 10 Emotional Influences 45 What Is Abnormal Behavior in Children and Behavioral and Cognitive Influences 47 Adolescents? 10 Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) 47 Adam Lanza: Early Troubles 10 A Closer Look 2.3: Similarities in Children’s Early Defining Psychological Disorders 11 Behavioral Styles and Adult Personality and Well- Competence 12 Being 48 Developmental Pathways 13 Family, Social, and Cultural Perspectives 50 Risk and Resilience 15 Infant–Caregiver Attachment 50 Raoul and Jesse: Why the Differences? 15 The Family and Peer Context 51 A Closer Look 1.5: Overcoming the Odds 15 A Closer Look 2.4: The “Core Story” of The Significance of Mental Health Problems among Development 53 Children and Youths 17 Looking Ahead 53 The Changing Picture of Children’s Study Resources 54 Mental Health 18 What Affects Rates and Expression of Mental 3 I Research 55 Disorders? A Look at Some Key Factors 18 A Scientific Approach 56 Poverty and Socioeconomic Disadvantage 19 When Science Is Ignored 57 Sex Differences 19 The Research Process 59 Race and Ethnicity 21 Cultural Issues 21 Common Research Questions and Topics 59 Child Maltreatment and Non-Accidental Whitney: Always Sad 59 Trauma 22 Tito: Constantly Fighting 60 vi Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 6 9/5/14 2:14 PM A Closer Look 3.1: Cross-Cultural Ethical and Legal Considerations 113 Epidemiological Research: Behavior General Approaches to Treatment 115 Problems Reported by Parents of Children in Seven A Closer Look 4.3: Model Comprehensive Mental Cultures 62 Health Program: A Culturally Competent School- Methods of Studying Behavior 64 Based Mental Health Program 118 Felicia: Multiple Solutions 119 Standardization, Reliability, and Validity 64 Treatment Effectiveness 119 Measurement Methods 65 Reporting 66 New Directions 121 Psychophysiological Methods 66 Study Resources 123 Neuroimaging Methods 67 Observation Methods 68 Part 2 Research Strategies 69 Identifying the Sample 69 Neurodevelopmental Disorders General Research Strategies 70 Research Designs 72 A Closer Look 3.2: Longitudinal Research: Does 5 I Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Child Maltreatment Lead to More Peer Rejection over Developmental Disorder) 124 Time? 76 Intelligence and Intellectual Disability 125 Qualitative Research 77 A Closer Look 3.3: Qualitative Research: Siblings Talk The Eugenics Scare 126 about Their Brothers with Autism Spectrum Disorder A Closer Look 5.1: The Infamous (ASD) 78 Kallikaks 126 Defining and Measuring Children’s Intelligence and Ethical and Pragmatic Issues 79 Adaptive Behavior 126 Informed Consent and Assent 79 A Closer Look 5.2: Early-Twentieth-Century Voluntary Participation 80 Perspectives on Mental Retardation 127 Confidentiality and Anonymity 80 The Controversial IQ 128 Nonharmful Procedures 80 Features of Intellectual Disabilities 129 Other Ethical and Pragmatic Concerns 80 Matthew: Gaining at His Own Pace 129 Study Resources 81 Vanessa: Gaining at Home 130 4 I Assessment, Diagnosis, and Clinical Description 130 Severity Levels 132 Treatment 82 Prevalence 136 Clinical Issues 83 Developmental Course and Adult Felicia: Multiple Problems 83 Outcomes 137 The Decision-Making Process 83 Dan: With His Brother’s Help 137 Developmental Considerations 84 Motivation 138 Purposes of Assessment 88 Changes in Abilities 139 Assessing Disorders 90 Language and Social Behavior 139 Clinical Interviews 91 Emotional and Behavioral Problems 140 Felicia: History 92 Pattie: Disturbed or Disturbing? 140 Behavioral Assessment 93 Other Physical and Health Disabilities 141 A Closer Look 4.1: Observing Behavior: Seeing the Causes 142 Whole Picture 97 Inheritance and the Role of the Psychological Testing 97 Environment 143 A Closer Look 4.2: Items Similar to Those Included in Genetic and Constitutional Factors 144 WISC-IV 99 Neurobiological Influences 147 Classification and Diagnosis 102 Social and Psychological Dimensions 148 Categories and Dimensions 103 Prevention, Education, and Treatment 149 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Prenatal Education and Screening 150 of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) 105 Psychosocial Treatments 151 Treatment and Prevention 109 A Closer Look 5.3: Practical Recommendations Intervention 110 for Enhancing Children’s Lives through Early Cultural Considerations 112 Intervention 152 Treatment Goals 112 Study Resources 155 Contents vii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 7 9/5/14 2:14 PM 6 I Autism Spectrum Disorder and 7 I Communication and Learning Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia 156 Disorders 195 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 157 James: Smart but Can’t Read 196 Francine: Shunned and Falling Behind 196 Description and History 157 Definitions and History 197 DSM-5: Defining Features of ASD 158 ASD across the Spectrum 160 Language Development 199 Lucy: ASD with Intellectual Disability 161 Phonological Awareness 200 John: ASD with Average Intellectual Ability 161 Communication Disorders 201 Core Deficits of ASD 163 Jackie: Screaming, Not Talking 201 Social Interaction and Communication Language Disorder 201 Deficits 163 Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder A Closer Look 6.1: Attachment in Children with (Stuttering) 205 ASD 164 Sayad: Family Legacy 205 A Closer Look 6.2: Early Communication in Social (Pragmatic) Communication ASD 166 Disorder 207 Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors Specific Learning Disorder 208 and Interests 167 James: Strong Points Shine 208 Associated Characteristics of ASD 169 Tim: Warming with Interest 209 Intellectual Deficits and Strengths 169 SLD with Impairment in Reading 212 Cognitive and Motivational Deficits 170 SLD with Impairment in Written A Closer Look 6.3: The Sally–Anne Test: What It Expression 213 Means to Have a Theory of Mind 171 Carlos: Slowly Taking Shape 213 Medical Conditions and Physical SLD with Impairment in Mathematics 214 Characteristics 173 A Closer Look 7.1: Factors That Increase Resilience Accompanying Disorders and Symptoms 174 and Adaptation 217 Prevalence and Course of ASD 174 Francine: Slowly but Surely Improving 221 A Closer Look 7.2: Steps in Direct Behavioral Age at Onset 175 Instruction 222 Anne-Marie: First Birthday 176 Carlos: Plans 224 Course and Outcome 176 A Closer Look 7.3: Critical Elements for a Successful Causes of ASD 177 Beginning Reading Program 225 Problems in Early Development 177 Study Resources 226 Genetic Influences 178 Brain Abnormalities 179 ASD as a Disorder of Risk and Adaptation 180 8 I Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Treatment of ASD 181 Disorder (ADHD) 227 Overview 182 Description and History 228 Emilie: A Full-Time Job 182 Early Intervention 184 John: Inattentive, Hyperactive, Medications 186 Impulsive 228 Description 228 Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia (COS) 187 History 229 Mary: Depressed, Disorderly, Doomed 187 Core Characteristics 230 DSM-5: Defining Features of Inattention 232 Schizophrenia 188 Lisa: Just Can’t Focus 232 A Closer Look 6.4: Psychotic Symptoms in Children Hyperactivity–Impulsivity 234 with Schizophrenia 189 Mark: Junior Wild Man 234 Precursors and Comorbidities 190 Presentation Type 235 Prevalence 190 Additional DSM Criteria 236 Causes and Treatment of COS 191 What DSM Criteria Don’t Tell Us 237 Causes 191 Associated Characteristics 237 Treatment 193 Cognitive Deficits 237 Study Resources 194 Speech and Language Impairments 240 viii Contents Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 01423_fm.indd 8 9/5/14 2:14 PM