A study of factors affecting the quality of snap beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

111 Pages·04.84 MB·English

by  Guyer, Richard Bennett

A STUDY 0? FACTOfiS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF SNAP BEANS
(Phaseolus vulgaris L*)
by
Kichard Bennett Gnyer
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School
of the University of Maryland in partial
f'ulfilli'ieat of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
1951
UMI Number: DP70148
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. A. Kramer
for his advice and help during the course of the experiment and the
preparation of the manuscript.
Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. L. E. Scott for his kind­
ness in reviewing the manuscript; to Kaare Aamlid, Earl D. Giggard*
L. Ee Ide, and Elizabeth P. Guyer who aided in the field and labora­
tory vork.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
IN1RGDUCilON * * © * * © « * • » © » * © * < » « # » * • * « « » • • 1
RE\/11jN 01* ‘UTSRATUTib e * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2
Chemical Compose. Hon.* » • * & £ « • * « « • * * * * • • • » * 3
Vitamin Content e e * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ * * * * # *
Quality i actons e * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3
GnoYjL-li Regulators o * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6
MATERIALS AND METHODS* * ......... a * * * . * * . . * * * * # * . 8
1948 Quality and Storage Studies* a * * * * * * * * * * * * * 8
19 49-19 50 Quality Yield Studies A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 11
1949-1950 Growth Regulating Substances* * © * • • * « « * • « 12
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS# • * • * * * • • * * * « * * * * * * * * * • 13
Growth and Maturation o * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 13
Seed-Pod Ratio c e t t o e a e * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3.-3
Fiber* a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * < > * * * • * * • • 21
Moisture s * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 23
Ascorbic Acid* o * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 23
Pigmentation » * * * « * • « • * * e * * * * * * * * * * 24
Over-all 24
G r a d e a * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Flavor A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 25
Effect of Season and Variety * » » » * • • « * • • • * « 25
Temperature Summations * • • » • * » • * • * * * » » • « 26
Relationship of Yield, to Quality# « « * * * * « « « « « • • » 30
Number and Times of Harvest* * * « * » * • * * * * * « » 30
Varietal Differences * # * • * • * * • * ' * * * * * • • • 31
Seasonal Differences » • • • » • «
Growth Regulators • # # « , # * * * * • « .
Para-chloropheno^yacetic Acid* « *
Maleic Hydraside * * * c e # « e «
Storage Siuco.es
Physical and Chemical Composition#
Loss in Height « * « # ..........
Objective Tests n * « ........... # « #
Per Cent Seed# * # * « * « * • # *
Fiber # * ® < > e » « o o e e e o 6 « >
C0l0r« o « e « e # « o e #
s e o *
Moisture and Ascorbic Acid • • • «
Weighting of Grades arid Standards#
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.........
LITERATURE CITED ........ # * # * . * « • *
APPENDIX
e # # « « c e # e # c # e # o # # o
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1* The Relationship of Time of Harvest to Yield of Different
Sieve Sizes. . . . . © . . . . • © • © • . . c . o . . . . . . 15
2. The Effect of Date of Harvest and Variety on the Maturity,
Fibrousness, Moisture Content, Ascorbic Acid Content, and
Color of Snap Beans (I94B) e o * . . . . . * . . . * . . . . . 16
3* The Effect of Time of Harvest, Variety, and Growing Season
on the Maturity of Snap Beans as Measured by Objective and
Organoleptic Tests (1949) 17
The Effect of Time of Harvest, Variety, and Growing Season
on the Maturity of Snap Beans as Measured by Objective and
Organoleptic Tests (1950). « . . . ........ 19
5- The Effect of the Interaction of Season and Variety on the
Fiber Development of Snap Beans. • 21
.
6 The Effect of Season, Variety, and Years on the Degree Hours
Necessary to Bring Snap Beans to the Eight Per Cent Stage of
Maturity 29
7* The Effect of Date and Frequency of Harvest on the Yield of
Green and Wax Beans (1943) « 32
a.
The Effect of Maturity and Frequency of Harvest on the Yield
of Snap Beans (1949) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33
9. The Effect of Maturity and Frequency of Harvest on the Yield
of Snap Beans (1950) 34
10 'The Effect of Variety, Season, and Year on the Yield of Snap
e
Beans • • • • . . . . • e . . . . . . 36
.
11 The Effect on Snap Beans of Three Levels of Para-chloro-
phenoxyacetic Acid Where Harvests were 4, 7> and 10 Days
After Application (August, 1949) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33
.
12 The Effect on Snap Beans of Three Levels of Para-Chloro-
phenoxyacetic Acid Applied at Three Stages of Maturity
( S ept emb e r, 1949 ) * • « » . 39
13* The Effect on Snap Beans of Three Levels of Maleic Hydrazide
Applied at Four Stages of Maturity. Experiment I (June, 1950). 43
14. The Effect on Snap Beans of Three Levels of Maleic Hydrazide
Applied at Four Stages.of Maturity. Experiment 'II (August,
1950)...................... . . . . . e » e e . . « e « e 49
iv
Table Page
15. The Effect of Duration and Temperature of Storage on the
Maturity and Fibrousness of Snap Beans » « • • • • • • • • • • • 52
16• The Effect of Duration of Storage, and Temperature of
Storage on the Moisture Content, Ascorbic Acid Content,
and Color of Snap Beans. • • • • • • • • • . * « . . . • • • • 53
17. The Loss of Weight in Grams of Snap Beans Held in Storage
at 35°, 50°, and 70° F. (1948)............................... 57
IS. The Loss in Weight in Grams of Snap Beans Held at Room
Temperature for Six Days............... 58
19. The Relationship, Expressed as Correlation Coefficients,
Between Per Cent Seed and Other Objective and Organoleptic
Tests of Maturity of Snap Beans. • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • 62
20. The Relationship, Expressed as Correlation Coefficients,
Between Methods of Determining Fiber and Other Objective
and Organoleptic Tests of Maturity of Snap Beans ........ 63
21. The Relationship of Color Determinations to Other Objec­
tive and Organoleptic Tests Expressed as Correlation
Coefficients • • * . . , ............... ............• • • • • 65
22. Correlation Coefficients of Organoleptic Grades.............. 66
V
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. The Relationship of Seed to Fiber Development in Five
Varieties of Snap Beans • • • • . • • .......... • • • • • • • 22
2. The Number of Days Required for Snap Beans Grom in the
Spring, Summer, and Fall to reach Various Stages of
Maturity as Determined by Per Cent Seed • . • • . ............ 27
3. The Relationship of Number of Pickings to the Per Cent
of the Total Yield of Snap Beans Harvested at Five
Stages of Maturity . • • • « • • • • . ..•••• ........... • 35
4* The Effect of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid on the Per
Cent Seed and the Fiber Content of Snap Beans • • • • • • • • • 41
5. The Effect of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid on the
Flavor and Over-all Grade of Snap Beans ..........• • • * • 42
6• The Effect of .9 Per Cent Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid
on the Plants (upper) and the Pods (lower) of snap Beans. . . . 43
7* The Effect of *9 Per Cent Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid
on the Stems of Snap Beans. Check left, Treated right* • • • • 44
8. The Effect of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid on the Pods
of Snap Beans. Check left, Treated, right. « • • • • ........ 45
9. The Effect of Maleic Hydrazide on Organoleptic and
Objective Tests of Quality of Snap Beans. • • • • ............ 50
10. The Effect of Duration of Storage on the Moisture and
Ascorbic Acid Content of Snap Beans • ......... . . . . . . . . 54
11. The Effect of Duration of Storage on the Pigmentation
of Snap Beans........ • • • • • • • • • ............... 55
vi
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Table Page
1. The Interaction of Time of Harvest and Variety of Snap
Beans (1948). » • • • • • • ........ • • • • • • • • . • • • . 75
2. The Interaction of Time of Harvest and Duration of
Storage (1943)........• • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • » • • 76
3* The Interaction of the Duration of Storage and the
Variety of Snap Beans (1943)................ • • • • • • • • • 77
4* The Interaction of the Temperature of Storage and the
Variety of Snap Beans (1943). .................... 78
5* The Interaction of Time of Harvest and Temperature of
Storage (1943). • 79
6* The Interaction of Duration and Temperature of Storage
(1948)..................................................... 30
7. The Interaction of Time of Harvest and Variety of Snap
Beans (1949)* . . • • . . . . • • • • • . . . • • • 81
8. The Interaction of Season and Variety of Snap Beans (1949)* • • 82
9. The Interaction of Time of Harvest and Season (1949). . . . . . 83
10. The Interaction of Time of Harvest and Variety of Snap
Beans (1950). . • • • • • « • • • • • • • • . • • • 84
11. The Interaction of Season and Variety of Snap Beans (1950). . • 85
12. The Interaction of Season and Time of Harvest (1950). . . . . . 86
13# The Interaction of Variety and Delay of Harvest After
Application of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (1949) ♦ • • • . . 87
14* The Interaction of Time of Application and Concentration
of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid Applied to Snap Beans (1949) • 88
15. The Interaction of Variety and Concentration of Para-
chlorophenoxyacetic Acid Applied to Snap Beans (1949).......... 89
16. The Interaction of Time of Application and Concentration
of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid to Snap Beans (1949) . . . . . 90
17 # The Interaction of Variety and Time of Application of
Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid to Snap Beans (1949). . . . . . . 91
vii
Table Page
18* The Interaction of Variety and Concentration of Para-
chlorophenoxyacetic Acid to Snap Beans (1949) * • • • • • # • • • 92
L9* The Interaction of Variety and Concentration of Maleic
Hydrazide Applied to Snap Beans (Spring 1950) ......... • • • • • 93
20* The Interaction of Variety and Time of Application of
Maleic Hydrazide Applied to Snap Beans (Spring 1950)• • • • « « • 94
21# The Interaction of Time of Application and Concentration
of Maleic Hydrazide Applied to Snap Beans (Spring 1950) • • • • • 95
22* The Interaction of Variety and Concentration of Maleic
Hydrazide Applied to Snap Beans (Summer 1950) • « • ......... • 96
23. The Interaction of Variety and Time of Application of
Maleic Hydrazide to Snap Beans (Summer 1950)* ........ 97
24* The Interaction of Time of Application and Concentration
of Maleic Hydrazide Applied to Snap Beans (Summer 1950) « • • * • 98