A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan PDF
Preview A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan
Studies in Public Choice Daniela Giannetti Bernard Grofman • Editors A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan Editors Prof. Daniela Giannetti Prof. Bernard Grofman Department of Political Science School of Social Sciences University of Bologna University of California Strada Maggiore 45 Social Science Plaza 3151 40125 Bologna 92697 Irvine, California Italy USA [email protected] [email protected] This work was supported by the Center for the Study of Democracy and the Jack W. Peltason Chair. ISBN 978-1-4419-7227-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7228-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7228-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper (Corrected at 2nd printing 2011) Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgments For more than a decade, the Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) at the University of California, Irvine (UCI), founded by Russell Dalton, has been spon- soring cumulative research on comparative electoral systems. One of its signature projects has been the set of five volumes and one journal mini symposium covering the major (families of) electoral systems listed below, discussing the following top- ics, respectively: the single nontransferable vote, the single transferable vote, mixed member systems, list PR systems, runoff systems, and plurality systems. Each pub- lication has been the end product of a CSD conference held at UCI or in another country. 1. B. Grofman, Sung-Chull Lee, Edwin Winckler, and Brian Woodall (eds.), Elections under the Single Non-Transferable Vote in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. University of Michigan Press, 1999. 2. S. Bowler and B. Grofman (eds.), Elections under the Single Transferable Vote in Australia, Ireland and Malta. University of Michigan Press, 2000. 3. M. Shugart and M. Wattenberg (eds.), Mixed Member Systems: The Best of Both Possible Worlds? Oxford University Press, 2001. 4. B. Grofman and A. Lijphart (eds.), The Evolution of Electoral and Party Systems in the Nordic Countries. Agathon Press, 2002. 5. B. Grofman, S. Bowler, and A. Blais (eds.), Minisymposium on Runoff Elections. Electoral Studies, Vol. 27, 2008. 6. B. Grofman, S. Bowler, and A. Blais (eds.), Duverger’s Law in Canada, India, the U.S. and the U.K. Springer-Verlag, 2008. After the completion of its series of conferences on alternative voting methods, CSD has continued to sponsor cutting-edge research on electoral systems. This volume contains substantially revised versions of the papers prepared for a CSD conference, “Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform: Comparing Italy and Japan,” held November 28–29, 2008, at the University of Bologna. This conference was coorganized by Daniela Giannetti and Bernard Grofman and jointly sponsored by CSD, the Department of Political Science at the University of Bologna under grants from the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Bologna, Fabio Roversi Monaco President, and by the Jack W. Peltason (Bren Foundation) Chair at UCI. We are deeply indebted to the various funding entities v vi Acknowledgments that made this conference possible. This conference took place as part of an ongoing collaboration (established in 2005) between CSD and the Department of Political Science at the University of Bologna – a collaboration that also involves research centers at other University of California campuses. More specifically, a joint research project entitled “New Forms of Democracy? Change and Reforms of Democratic Institutions” was developed thanks to an agreement between the University of California and the Department of Political Science, University of Bologna. Financial support for the Italian participants in this project was provided by both the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) and the University of Bologna pursuant to law D.M. 8.5.2001. Professor Giorgio Freddi was coordinator of this project. A companion conference, “Reforming the French Presidential Election System: Experiments on Electoral Reform,” was held June 15–16, 2009, in Paris at the offices of the Sciences-Po Center d’Étude de la Vie Politique Française (CEVIPOF). CEVIPOF, along with the electoral research group (Le Groupe d’Analyse Electorale, GAEL) of the French Political Science Association, served as the French conference sponsors. This conference was coorganized by Annie Laurent and Bernard Dolez on the French side and by Bernard Grofman. Funding for that conference was provided by CSD and by the Jack W. Peltason (Bren Foundation) Chair at UCI. There is an edited volume arising from that conference as well that will serve to complement this book. We regard natural experiments (such as those that arose from the independently caused, but rather parallel in structure, changes in electoral laws in Japan and Italy discussed in this volume), on the one hand, and laboratory and field experiments on voting methods, on the other, as powerful and complementary tools for developing a more realistic understanding of the independent effects of electoral laws. Contents 1 Introduction: Long-Run Consequences of Electoral Rules Change: Comparing Italy and Japan ........................................... 1 Bernard Grofman and Daniela Giannetti 2 Party Competition Under New Electoral Rules in Italy and Japan, 1994–2009 ................................................................. 13 Aldo Di Virgilio and Junko Kato 3 The Changing Bases of Party Support in Italy and Japan: Similarities and Differences ..................................................................... 35 Daniela Giannetti and Naoko Taniguchi 4 Nominating Candidates Under New Rules in Italy and Japan: You Cannot Bargain with Resources You Do Not Have ........................ 61 Aldo Di Virgilio and Steven R. Reed 5 Electoral Reform and Factional Politics in Italy and Japan ................. 77 Daniela Giannetti and Michael F. Thies 6 Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan: Unanticipated Outcomes? ........................................................................ 97 Ethan Scheiner and Filippo Tronconi Appendix A: Electoral Rules .......................................................................... 115 Appendix B: Votes and Seats ......................................................................... 119 Appendix C: Italian and Japanese Governments......................................... 127 Appendix D: Party Acronyms ........................................................................ 131 Appendix E: Glossary of Electoral System Terms ....................................... 133 vii viii Contents About the Editors ............................................................................................ 141 About the Authors ........................................................................................... 143 References ........................................................................................................ 145 Author Index.................................................................................................... 153 Subject Index ................................................................................................... 157 Contributors Aldo Di Virgilio Department of Political Science, University of Bologna, Italy [email protected] Daniela Giannetti Department of Political Science, University of Bologna, Italy [email protected] Bernard Grofman School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine CA, USA [email protected] Junko Kato Graduate School of Law, The University of Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Steven R. Reed Faculty of Policy Studies, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Ethan Scheiner Department of Political Science, University of California, Davis CA, USA [email protected] Naoko Taniguchi Department of Sociology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Michael F. Thies Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA [email protected] Filippo Tronconi Department of Political Science, University of Bologna, Italy [email protected] ix
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