A history and philosophy of sport and physical education : from ancient civilizations to the modern world

498 Pages·2014·20.458 MB·English

by  Mechikoff, Robert A.

Sixth Sixth Edition
Edition
Mechikoff’s A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education offers an
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Robert A. Mechikoff
Sixth Edition
A H istory and P hilosophy
of S port and P hysical
E ducation
From Ancient Civilizations
to the Modern World
Robert A. Mechikoff
San Diego Christian College
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A HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION: FROM ANCIENT
CIVILIZATION TO THE MODERN WORLD, SIXTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in
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Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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ISBN 978-0-07-802271-5
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mechikoff, Robert A.
A history and philosophy of sport and physical education: from ancient civilizations to
the modern world / Robert A. Mechikoff. —6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-802271-5
1. Physical education and training—History. 2. Sports—History. 3. Physical education
and training—Philosophy. 4. Sports—Philosophy. I. Title.
GV211.M43 2014
796.09—dc23 2012042580
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C ontents

Preface xi Internet Resources 23
Suggestions for Further Reading 24
Notes 24
I
S E C T I O N
Ancient Civilizations 1 2
CHAPTER
Sumer, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica 27
1 Introduction 28
CHAPTER
Sumer 30
History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical
Egypt 33
Education 2
China 37
Definitions 4 Mesoamerica 39
“Doing” History 7 Summary 42
Interpretive Versus Descriptive History 9 Discussion Questions 43
Modernization 10 Internet Resources 43
Urbanization and Industrialization 11 Suggestions for Further Reading 44
Metaphysics 11 Notes 44
Philosophical Processes 12
Basic Philosophical Terms 13 3
CHAPTER
Metaphysics and Ontology 14
Greece 46
Metaphysical Dualism 15
Epistemology 15 Introduction 47
From Dualism to Monism The Influence of the Jews and the
in the Western World 16 Phoenicians upon Greek Culture 48
The Mind–Body Relationship 16 Philosophical Positions of the Body 50
Philosophies of the Modern World 17 Dualism 50
Summary 22 Classical Humanism 51
Discussion Questions 23 Socrates’ and Plato’s View of the Body 51
iii
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iv Contents
Socrates’ and Plato’s View of Physical Sport and Christianity 100
Education 53 Sport and Judaism: King Herod’s
Education Through the Physical Versus Greek and Roman Spectacles
Education of the Physical 55 in Jerusalem 101
Aristotle 57 Greek Reaction to the Introduction
Historical Foundations of Sport and Physical of Roman Sport 102
Education 57 The Hippodrome of Constantinople 102
Arete and Agon 58 Summary 103
The Iliad and The Odyssey—The Story Discussion Questions 104
of Troy 59 Internet Resources 105
Funeral Games 62 Suggestions for Further Reading 105
The Influence of Crete 62 Notes 106
Some Historical Perspectives on the
Development of Greek Sport 63
II
Athens and Sparta: A Tale of Two S E C T I O N
City-States 64 From the Spiritual World to the
Two Views on Physical Education 64
Secular World: Changing Concepts
Athenian Physical Education 66
of the Body 109
Athletic Participation of Greek Women 67
The Ancient Olympic Games 69
5
CHAPTER
Summary 75
Discussion Questions 75 Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education
Internet Resources 76 During the Middle Ages: 900–1400 110
Suggestions for Further Reading 76
Introduction 111
Notes 77
The Impact of Christianity 111
Christianity and Greek Philosophy 113
4 Philosophical Views of the Body in the
CHAPTER
Middle Ages 114
Rome 79
The Body and Physical Fitness
Introduction 80 According to St. Thomas Aquinas 116
The Etruscans 81 Moses Maimonides
Nero 84 and St. Bonaventure 117
Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Greeks and Linking the Spiritual
Romans 85 with Secular Sport 117
Philosophical Orientation 86 Holidays and Ball Games 117
The Stoics 87 Rugged Ball Games, Equestrian Events,
The Epicureans 87 and English Football 118
Marcus Tullius Cicero 88 Medieval Social Structure: Knights,
Antiochus 88 Nobles, and Worthy Pursuits 119
Sport and Physical Education 88 Sport of the Aristocracy 120
Military Training 89 Medieval Tournaments 120
Claudius Galen 89 Hawking, Hunting, and Other
Greek Athletics 90 Pastimes 121
Women and Sport 91 Medieval Concepts of Health and
Games and Spectacles 92 Hygiene: Galen Revisited 122
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Contents v
Summary 123 The Philosophers 153
Discussion Questions 124 Thomas Hobbes 154
Internet Resources 124 René Descartes 155
Suggestions for Further Reading 125 George Berkeley 156
Notes 126 The Educators 157
François Rabelais 157
6 Richard Mulcaster 158
CHAPTER
Michel de Montaigne 158
The Renaissance and the Reformation: John Comenius 159
1300–1600 127 John Locke 159
Introduction 128 The Philosophes and Physical
Cultural Changes of the Renaissance 128 Educators 160
The Reformation 130 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 161
The Philosophers and Educators of the Johann Bernhard Basedow 164
Renaissance 131 Johann Friedrich GutsMuths 165
Petrus Paulus Vergerius 133 Summary 166
Vittorino da Feltre 133 Discussion Questions 166
Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini 135 Internet Resources 167
Baldassare Castiglione 135 Suggestions for Further Reading 167
The Philosophers and Educators of the Notes 167
Reformation 136
William of Ockham 138 8
CHAPTER
Desiderius Erasmus 138
Martin Luther 139 Philosophical Positions of the Body
John Calvin 140 and the Development of Physical
Thomas Elyot 142 Education: Contributions of the Germans,
Roger Ascham 143 Swedes, and Danes in Nineteenth-Century
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo 143 Europe 169
Summary 144 Introduction 170
Discussion Questions 145 Idealism 170
Internet Resources 145 The Self 171
Suggestions for Further Reading 146 Knowledge 171
Notes 146 The German Idealists: Kant, Fichte,
and Hegel 172
7 Immanuel Kant 173
CHAPTER
Niccolò Machiavelli 175
The Age of Science and the Enlightenment:
Johann Fichte 175
1560–1789 147
Georg Hegel 175
Introduction 148 The Application of Idealism
The Age of Science: 1560–1688 148 to Physical Education 176
The Enlightenment: 1688–1789 151 Students 177
The Philosophers of Science 151 Values 177
Galileo Galilei 151 Objectives 177
Francis Bacon 152 Curriculum 178
Isaac Newton 153 Evaluation Criteria 178
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vi Contents
The Educators 178 Nineteenth-Century American Philosophy:
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi 178 Transcendentalism and Pragmatism 209
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel 180 Ralph Waldo Emerson 210
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn 181 Henry David Thoreau 210
Charles Follen 186 Pragmatism 211
Charles Beck 186 The Influence of Charles Darwin 211
Francis Lieber 186 The Pragmatists 212
Franz Nachtegall 187 Charles Sanders Peirce 213
Per Henrik Ling 189 William James 213
Summary 191 Sport in the Nineteenth Century 214
Discussion Questions 191 Justifying Sport in the
Internet Resources 192 Nineteenth Century 214
Suggestions for Further Reading 192 Religion as an Argument for Sport 214
Notes 193 Other Arguments That Justified Sport
Participation 215
Development of Sport in the Nineteenth
III Century 216
S E C T I O N
Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century
The Historical and Philosophical
America 218
Development of Sport and Physical
Horse and Harness Racing 218
Education in America 195 Cycling: The Story of Marshall W.
“Major” Taylor 221
CHAPTER 9 Ball Games: Cricket, Baseball,
and Football 223
Sport in the Colonial Period 196
“Amateur” Sports 228
Introduction 196 Summary 230
Sport in England: A Tale of Two Discussion Questions 231
Cultures 197 Internet Resources 231
Sport in New England: The Puritans 199 Suggestions for Further Reading 232
Amusements in New England 201 Notes 233
Sport in the Mid-Atlantic Region 201
Sport in the South 202
1 1
Contributions of Native Americans 204 CHAPTER
Summary 204
The Impact of Science and the Concept of
Discussion Questions 205
Health on the Theoretical and Professional
Internet Resources 205
Development of Physical Education:
Suggestions for Further Reading 206
1885–1930 235
Notes 206
Introduction 236
Social and Institutional Change in
1 0 Nineteenth-Century America 237
CHAPTER
The Theoretical Basis of American Physical
Changing Concepts of the Body 207
Education 239
Introduction 208 Three Distinct Periods 241
Early Technological Innovations Biological and Philosophical Issues 241
and Their Impact on Sport 209 Evolution 243
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Contents vii
The Disease—Neurasthenia; The Paradigmatic Basis of the New
The Cure—Exercise! 243 Physical Education: 1916–1930 270
Exercising to Build Brain Power 244 The Architects of the New Physical
Women: Mothers of the Race 244 Education: Clark Hetherington,
Women, Higher Education, and Physical Thomas D. Wood, and Rosalind
Education 246 Cassidy 270
The Golden Age of Anthropometric Components and Goals of Physical
Measurement: 1885–1900 246 Education 270
Defining the Scope of the Discipline 248 Promotion of Physical Education 271
The Contributions of German Gymnastics, Physical Education Literature in the Early
Dio Lewis, and the Swedish System to Twentieth Century 272
Teacher Training 249 Science and the Quantification of Physical
Physical Education the American Education 272
Way 250 Tests and Measurements 272
Changing Concepts of Health 251 The Relationship Between Physical Ability
A Changing Profession 251 and Mental Ability 273
The Professional Preparation of Physical Fitness Assessment 273
Teachers 252 Summary 274
Summary 256 Discussion Questions 275
Discussion Questions 257 Internet Resources 275
Internet Resources 257 Suggestions for Further Reading 276
Suggestions for Further Reading 258 Notes 276
Notes 258
IV
S E C T I O N
1 2
CHAPTER
The American Approach to Sport
The Transformation of Physical Education: and Physical Education in the
1900–1939 261
Twentieth Century 279
Introduction 262
The Transformation of Physical 1 3
CHAPTER
Education and the Adoption
The Evolution of Physical Education:
of Sports Programs 262
1940 and Beyond 280
The Development of Play Theory:
1900–1915 265 Prolog: World War II 280
Herbert Spencer and Sport and Physical Education
William James 266 During World War II 281
Karl Groos 266 Post World War II 282
G. Stanley Hall 266 Physical Education on Life Support 283
Luther Halsey Gulick 267 The Conant Report 283
John Dewey 267 The Response 284
Advocates and Adversaries: A New Era 285
The Promotion of Play 267 Epilog 285
Play and Popular Culture 268 Discussion Questions 285
Play Versus Gymnastics 268 Internet Resources 286
Play in Physical Education: Suggestions for Further Reading 286
1900–1915 269 Notes 286
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viii Contents
CHAPTER 1 4 The IIIrd Winter Olympics: Lake Placid,
1932 333
Sport in the Twentieth Century 287
The Political Nature of the Olympic
Introduction 288 Games 333
Endurance Sports 289 The XIth Olympiad: Berlin, 1936 334
College Football 291 Sport and Physical Education
Professional Football 294 in Nazi Germany 334
Baseball 296 The IVth Winter Olympics:
Basketball 296 Garmisch–Partenkirchen, 1936 339
Boxing 298 Summary 339
Volleyball 299 Discussion Questions 340
Women and Sport 300 Internet Resources 340
Summary 305 Suggestions for Further Reading 341
Discussion Questions 306 Notes 341
Internet Resources 306
Suggestions for Further Reading 307
1 6
CHAPTER
Notes 307
The Cold War Olympics: 1948–1988 343
Introduction 345
V
S E C T I O N The XIVth Olympiad: London, 1948 346
A Social and Political History The Political Atmosphere 346
of the Modern Olympic Games 309 Notables 348
The Vth Winter Olympics: St. Moritz,
1 5 1948 349
CHAPTER
The XVth Olympiad: Helsinki, 1952 349
Pioneers and Progress: 1896–1936 310
The Political Atmosphere 349
Introduction 311 A Cold War of Sports 351
The Architects of the Modern Olympic A Propaganda War 352
Games: Dr. William Penny Brookes and Notables 353
Baron Pierre de Coubertin 312 The VIth Winter Olympics: Oslo,
The Ist Olympiad: Athens, 1896 316 1952 354
The IInd Olympiad: Paris, 1900 318 The XVIth Olympiad: Melbourne,
The IIIrd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904 319 1956 354
The IVth Olympiad: London, 1908 321 The Political Atmosphere 354
The Vth Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912 323 The Aussie Olympics 356
The VIIth Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920 326 Olympic Boycott 356
The VIIIth Olympiad: Paris, 1924 328 Notables 357
The Ist Winter Olympics: Chamonix, The VIIth Winter Olympics: Cortina,
1924 329 1956 358
The IXth Olympiad: Amsterdam, The XVIIth Olympiad: Rome,
1928 330 1960 358
The IInd Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, The Political Atmosphere 358
1928 331 A Roman Holiday 359
The Issue of Amateurism 331 East Versus West 360
The Xth Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932 332 Notables 362
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Contents ix
The VIIIth Winter Olympics: Security Concerns 390
Squaw Valley, 1960 362 Notables 390
The XVIIIth Olympiad: Tokyo, 1964 362 The XIVth Winter Olympics: Sarajevo,
The Perfect Olympiad 363 1984 391
Olympic Politics 363 The XXIVth Olympiad: Seoul, 1988 392
Defections 365 Security Concerns and Olympic
Notables 365 Politics 392
The IXth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, NBC Versus South Korea 392
1964 366 Banning Performance-Enhancing
The XIXth Olympiad: Mexico City, Drugs and Other Illicit Drugs at the
1968 366 Olympics 393
Student Demonstrations 367 The Ultimate Incentive 393
Olympic Politics 368 Notables 393
The Xth Winter Olympics: Grenoble, The XVth Winter Olympics: Calgary,
1968 370 1988 394
The XXth Olympiad: Munich, 1972 371 Economics 394
World Overview 371 Atmosphere 395
Olympic Politics 371 Notables 395
The Munich Massacre 373 Summary 396
Notables 374 Discussion Questions 396
The XIth Winter Olympics: Sapporo, Internet Resources 397
1972 375 Suggested Reading 397
The XXIst Olympiad: Montreal, 1976 376 Notes 397
The Taiwan Issue 376
The Boycott 378
Security Concerns 379 1 7
CHAPTER
Political Defections and Propaganda 379
After the Cold War: 2008–2012 401
Notables 380
The XIIth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, Introduction 402
1976 381 The XXVth Olympiad: Barcelona, 1992 403
The XXIInd Olympiad: Moscow, 1980 382 A Renewed Olympic Spirit 403
What Led to the U.S. Boycott? The Soviet Notables 404
Invasion of Afghanistan 382 The XVIth Winter Olympics: Albertville/
Athletes as Political Pawns 384 Savoie, 1992 405
Presidential Pressure and Promises 385 Economics 405
Epilogue 386 Atmosphere 405
Notables 386 Notables 406
The XIIIth Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, The XVIIth Winter Olympics: Lillehammer,
1980 387 1994 406
The XXIIIrd Olympiad: Los Angeles, Atmosphere 406
1984 388 Notables 407
The Political Atmosphere 388 The Centennial Olympiad: Atlanta, 1996 408
What Goes Around, Comes Around: The Torch Relay 408
The Soviet Boycott of the XXIIIrd The Opening Ceremonies 409
Olympiad 389 Commercialization 409
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