3D Imaging in Medicine: Algorithms, Systems, Applications PDF
Preview 3D Imaging in Medicine: Algorithms, Systems, Applications
3D Imaging in Medicine Algorithms, Systems, Applications NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London o Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong H Cell Biology Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences Vol. 60 3D Imaging in Medicine Algorithms, Systems, Applications Edited by Karl Heinz Hahne Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science in Medicine University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf MartinistraBe 52, D-2000 Hamburg 20, FRG Henry Fuchs Stephen M. Pizer Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on 3D Imaging in Medicine, held in TravemOnde, Germany, June 25-29,1990. Directors: Karl Heinz Hbhne, University of Hamburg Henry Fuchs, UNC, Chapel Hill Stephen M. Pizer, UNC, Chapel Hill Scientific Committee: Jean-Louis Coatrieux, University of Rennes-I Alan C. F. Colchester, Guys Hospital, London Franc;:ois Hottier, Philips, Paris Olaf KObler, ETH ZOrich David N. Levin, University of Chicago Wilfried K. Lbffler, Siemens, Erlangen Richard A. Robb, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Wolfgang Schlegel, DKFZ, Heidelberg Workshop Coordinators: Michael Bomans, University of Hamburg Linda Houseman, UNC, Chapel Hill Andreas Pommert, University of Hamburg ISBN-13978-3-642-84213-9 e-ISBN-13978-3-642-84211-5 001 10.1007/978-3-642-84211-5 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights oftranslation, reprinting, re-useof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Soft cover reprint of the hardcover 1st edititon 1990 2145/3140-543210-Printed on acid-free-paper Preface The visualization of human anatomy for diagnostic, therapeutic, and educational pur poses has long been a challenge for scientists and artists. In vivo medical imaging could not be introduced until the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad ROntgen in 1895. With the early medical imaging techniques which are still in use today, the three-dimensional reality of the human body can only be visualized in two-dimensional projections or cross-sections. Recently, biomedical engineering and computer science have begun to offer the potential of producing natural three-dimensional views of the human anatomy of living subjects. For a broad application of such technology, many scientific and engineering problems still have to be solved. In order to stimulate progress, the NATO Advanced Research Workshop in Travemiinde, West Germany, from June 25 to 29 was organized. It brought together approximately 50 experts in 3D-medical imaging from allover the world. Among the list of topics image acquisition was addressed first, since its quality decisively influences the quality of the 3D-images. For 3D-image generation - in distinction to 2D imaging - a decision has to be made as to which objects contained in the data set are to be visualized. Therefore special emphasis was laid on methods of object definition. For the final visualization of the segmented objects a large variety of visualization algorithms have been proposed in the past. The meeting assessed these techniques. Their practical application in medicine depends heavily on the availability of suitable tools for object manipulation and interaction and the corresponding hardware systems. Therefore these topics were included as important aspects. Although the meeting was dominated by the algorithmic and systems aspects, the discussion of their relevance to the applications was considered indispensible. We chose to publish the proceedings before the meeting. We are aware of the fact that new ideas gained following stimulating discussions at the meeting could not be incorporated into articles of this book. On the other hand the field is developing so rapidly that a timely publication could only be provided by asking the authors to meet a deadline prior to the meeting. We are highly indebted to the authors for having accepted the heavy workload we have put on them. The workshop would not have been possible without the help of many people in the Department of Computer Science in Medicine at the University of Hamburg and the Department of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Our special thanks go to Linda "Houseman, Michael Bomans, and Andreas Pommert for their enthusiastic support. And last but not least we thank NATO for providing the financial basis for this meeting. Hamburg and Chapel Hill Karl Heinz H6hne June 1990 Henry Fuchs Stephen M. Pizer Table of Contents Image Acquisition W.K. Loeffler: Magnetic Resonance Imaging ...................................................... 3 F. H ottier, A. C. Billon: 3D Echography: Status and Perspective .......................................... 21 Object Definition A. C.F. Colchester: Network Representation of 2-D and 3-D Images ................................... 45 O. Kubler, G. Gerig: Segmentation and Analysis of Multidimensional Data-Sets in Medicine ............ 63 S.M. Pizer, T.J. Cullip, R.E. Fredericksen: Toward Interactive Object Definition in 3D Scalar Images ......................... 83 N. Ayache, J.D. Boissonnat, L. Cohen, B. Geiger, J. Levy-Vehel, O. Monga, P. Sander: Steps Toward the Automatic Interpretation of 3D Images ........................ 107 G. Gerig, R. Kikinis, F.A. Jolesz: Image Processing of Routine Spin-Echo MR Images to Enhance Vascular Structures: Comparison with MR Angiography .................................. 121 M.B. Merickel, T. Jackson, C. Carman, J.R. Brookeman, C.R. Ayers: A Multispectral Pattern Recognition System for the Noninvasive Evaluation of Atherosclerosis Utilizing MRI ................................................. 133 D. Saint-Felix, Y. Trousset, C. Picard, A. Rougee: 3D Reconstruction of High Contrast Objects Using a Multi-scale Detection / Estimation Scheme .................................................. 147 J. Sequeira, F. Pinson: Matching Free-form Primitives with 3D Medical Data to Represent Organs and Anatomical Structures ...................................................... 159 Visualization J.-L. Coatrieux, C. Barillot: A Survey of 3D Display Techniques to Render Medical Data ..................... 175 VIII K.H. Hahne, M. Bomans, A. Pommert, M. Riemer, U. Tiede, G. Wiebecke: Rendering Tomographic Volume Data: Adequacy of Methods for Different Modalities and Organs .......................................................... 197 A. Kaufman, R. Yagel, D. Cohen: Intermixing Surface and Volume Rendering ...................................... 217 H.H. Ehricke, G. Laub: Combined 3D-Display of Cerebral Vasculature and Neuroanatomic Structures in MRI ............................................................... 229 D.J. Hawkes, D.L.G. Hill, E.D. Lehmann, G.P. Robinson, M.N. Maisey, A. C.F. Colchester: Preliminary Work on the Interpretation of SPECT Images with the Aid of Registered MR Images and an MR Derived 3D Neuro-Anatomical Atlas .......... 241 H.P. Meinzer, U. Engelmann, D. Schepp elm ann, R. Schafer: Volume Visualization of 3D Tomographies ....................................... 253 R. Pini, E. Monnini, L. Masotti, K.L. Novins, D.P. Greenberg, B. Greppi, M. Cerofolini, R.B. Devereux: Echocardiographic Three-Dimensional Visualization of the Heart ................. 263 Object Manipulation and Interaction H.H. Baker: Surface Modeling with Medical Imagery ......................................... 277 S.R. Arridge: Manipulation of Volume Data for Surgical Simulation ............................ 289 S. Lavallee, P. Cinquin: Computer Assisted Medical Interventions ........................................ 301 Systems H. Fuchs: Systems for Display of Three-Dimensional Medical Image Data ................... 315 R.A. Robb: A Software System for Interactive and Quantitative Analysis of Biomedical Images .............................................................. 333 F.E. Yazdy, J. Tyrrell, M. Riley, N. Winterbottom: CARVUPP: Computer Assisted Radiological Visualisation Using Parallel Processing .............................................................. 363 IX Applications X. Hu, K.K. Tan, D.N. Levin, C.A. Pelizzari, G. T. Y. Chen: A Volume-Rendering Technique for Integrated Three-Dimensional Display of MR and PET Data .............................................................. 379 W. Schlegel: Computer Assisted Radiation Therapy Planning ................................. 399 L. Adams, J.M. Gilsbach, W. Krybus, D. Meyer-Ebrecht, R. Mosges, G. Schlondorff: CAS - a Navigation Support for Surgery ........................................ .411 E.K. Fishman, D.R. Ney, D. Magid: Three-Dimensional Imaging: Clinical Applications in Orthopedics ................ 425 R. Kikinis, F.A. JoZesz, G. Gerig, T. Sandor, H.E. Cline, W.E. Lorensen, M. Halle, S.A. Benton: 3D Morphometric and Morphologic Information Derived from Clinical Brain MR Images ............................................................... 441 List of Authors ........................................................... .455 Subject Index ............................................................. 457 Image Acquisition Magnetic Resonance Imaging Wilfried K. Loeffler Siemens AG, Med Henkestrasse 127 D-8520 Erlangen, FRG Abstract Magnetic Resonance Imaging within the past 10 years has become the primary medical imaging modality for many neurological and orthopedic applications. Starting from the basic phenomena of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, the prin ciples of 2D and 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging are described. As a new and possibly important future application the basics of Magnetic Resonance Angio graphy allowing the display of vascular structures without the use of contrast agents is being elaborated. Keywords: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) / Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) / magnetic field / magnetic field gradients / relaxation times / 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Bloch Equations / Radio-Frequency (RF) pulses / Magnetic Resonance Angiography Introduction In principle, all fields or particles can be employed for medical imaging, if they fulfill the three following conditions: First, the fields or particles have to interact with the body tissue, second, they still have to penetrate the body to a sufficient degree, and third, a spatial association of the interaction must be possible. Looking at the electromagnetic spectrum for candidates for medical imaging only two wavelength ranges allow a sufficient penetration of the human body. This is, on the one hand, the well known range of ionizing radiation with x-rays, still being utilized in most medical imaging systems. On the other hand, also electromagnetic fields with wave lengths above about 20 cm will show a penetration depth in tissue sufficient for medical imaging use. Unfortunately, the NATO ASI Series, Vol. F 60 3D Imaging in Medicine Edited by K. H. H6hne et al. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
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