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MTLAPORE. b fist trafet aofererterety arteries erage Ker- mrannd qiwargitvdgaion atari: ceipragh: gut MTU SMT Foataacorsy sararaint antes <i ararctr cf | eter fer et Secret were arate cia qal- ara ahrraaandad graguegre & | aeaa SR sapeTTTEreneaterd 1 athe Cen crea xfer wefetycrrenattrenrety | arereyatat g cetflery e- sorefira a aafaqaarencifefa Ranta veg arega: | “cae f& faaiet Sarncom: ’ fe qanes eatwafa agcatycatt: aaa: | wet areata ase Mvsrenrarater waa shorafieaataeen: eater: a: 1 atin antirier ete qrenvarcataia ag weeraagedaa | catarhrarr aadery MTA Tass: “aH: TE GTR Re GE Nye: et se errgterate” fe pPraeererl® eri cer ctreure srebwiceft Atay aeTTTA AAT AQT ATMA AT | THT SLAF HECHT MT: cht srftfa | agar, aa: areaeetetraardte: adhered: sree: qe: Aat ara aaa Fakramertehryeaaore cena: Fze7- Perens sfagren: wate | feat carseat atemerc ariiveaetaer a gent waft 1 ax Sut ceetrafe: otasorafear arirefiver een: aeaa anarcagiaamesdane: gat yatealttergeta arenraradiia araraara: ghee antares TTA ea Fagorarere: salt tgzgurey: FOREWORD It is a matter of personal pride for me to see my friend and colleague Sriman T. V. Paramesvara Iyer, Sanskrit Pandit in our College High School, undertaking the laudable task of preparing easy and trustworthy “guides” to help the students to master the complex and complicated Sanskrit grammar. His scholarship and experience make him eminently fitted for the same. It is highly regrettable that due emphasis is not being laid of late on grammatical studies in our schools and colleges. Our ancestors were never indifferent towards grammatical, studies. The prince of literary critics in India, Ananda vardhana, declared unhesitatingly that the grammarians were: the most scholarly people in the world. As a matter of fact grammar does form the first and elementary step in the ladder of scholarship. Scholar or not, every one in India is agreed | on this that the sciences of Vaiyesika and Grammar are help- ful to the mastery of all other sciences. Expatiating on this point, Patafjali, the most respected grammarian in India, quoted the Vedic dictum that a thorough-going study of a single word even from the point of its derivation enabling us to use it correctly in speech would be the all-wish-granting cow (Kamadhenu) both here and hereafter. His commentator; Bhartrhari also declares in his Vakyapadiya that this science is nearest to God (revealed as word), is the best type of mental discipline and is the best preliminary to Vedic studies. Why, even the very word ‘“ Ak-ara,” the very first word taught to the boy as connoting “letter” is, later on, declared to be synonymous with the Highest God Himself. Such a vast grammatical ‘forest’ is difficult of access’ in the absence of trusted guides. Even here, the two most difficult topics, Forms of (1) verbs and (2) substantives (nouns, pronouns and adjectives are so called by Bhandarkar) have been fully dealt with by our author. Thus the forest will easily be accessible even to boys of immature minds. With this hope, 2 humble prayer is offered at the feet of the grammatical triad-of sages. Panini, Katyayana and Vararuci. U. VENKATAKRSNA RAO. It tts i TR ceal giaacniaiacerrata aa | FTAA MA SAAT AAT | el “Ba atat re Gat faa: aezarfehr: | eroreercarterst Fanir et ort ates (1 21” a afer aernait aeaatt & aratq | aerate fadty: woratseae tl 3 ay ut fagia: | fraritg Aarsy sarecorareraca gpa he: amidgivatdea aqaana wri zaq | adtacacncrerea GUafaareniag Wena TITAN Ta | AT ANT aL: ATT airercmatageaa | ata wie vaseeattar | sala a gara- fagearcanifa | Sara ea? % arias? qa calata: ag wa aT att? gate sMRcsaraTese | Aas STE aaTRCMATaT a RIS wet sraarcazal aatq oeadifa | staiarcat weft arnzaaestate gate aa anit ofodtarsraeta sminganigaaaaia | at areca ftaceredatfaaraa- soufackida alaznrean aivenar Rrcrstia | atfeteaaat afe- sanohaa wersat aera zalala wear wtaeriearaarieh: Ravage aca acar | wages depawer- mag faaraiqua sat aeuradt | anergy ga: eitaosieaciahatactaat saataea aeacaed | teh: Ga- feardt senrvarcadarageraat ceragiat Tata Zearaara wumes aan | “mezaqe” ga wadteart carat “ara aga’ caret sata “aareratgal” “ arensarhtrar ” “peafgarantedt” Farge: sedated wet gaatqagai mat at eaicahiarirgaigrnenat aqat artagas pity ® { ateintraai afiareai nageeet ita waar areca’ Rrarat qameret gos cer af erat sz. deren aaa ate GeeTTAT TT far ferreraragerenrgt arcramsrafised feaaratreay: Tsay: | TREIGGGCa ed qercarer a Fat wear Acar | Sra Gerarene aert “agree” he i Rarer aterTeT AAMT | eect carench sites ere afta ara: 8 Ul arf qarmanlt wrerant Tate | area acafa sora sher array ll 3 | INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. § 1, Sanskrit words are classified into two groups viz; (') the gazqs and (*) the faw@eds, All the words except verbs come under the first group while the verbs constitute the second one. Sanskrit is an inflexional language 1.¢,, all the words are capable of being split into two parts viz (') the base and (7) the terminations, The same base takes different terminations in different senses. Therefore the words taking gq terminations are named Tardy (literally ‘having gq in the end”) and the words taking fre terminations are named faerqs (literally “having fae i in the end ’ ; The gq terminations are dealt with in the meeagt.” We shall learn something about the fare terminations here. §2. There are altogether 18 fee terminations divided into three sections termed gaqs or persons. The terminations of each gag are three in number for each of the Padas namely qretqg and areaa7g and are named (') qeaaa (singular) (?) fgaqq (Dual) and (%) agraq (Plural) terminations, The following tabular statement will make the scheme clear, 2 arent The fae terminations. A, Parasmaipada Person. Plural, ¢ ® III Person e ¢ II Person TAAFRT- I Person B, Atmanepada. Jet or qaaraam. | fgaaan.’ | agTraay. Person. Singular. Dual. Plural. mage: | a aATATAL, III Person SLs § STATA IT Person | TAT: ze) | aft I Person | It can be understood from the above table that these terminations are named fag because the first termination begins with ff and the last one ends in ¢, The order of qeys in Sanskrit Ggam- mars is III Person, II Person and I Person; but in accordance with the custom of English Authors on Sanskrit Grammar we shall hereafter have the order of gags as I Person II Person and III Person. § 3, These above terminations are to be added to roots in order to form verbs, The Parasmaipada terminations are added to such of those roots as belong to the Parasmaipada class and Atma- nepada terminations to those which belong to the Atmanepada class. A list of the roots of these classes is given in the Appendix, Seer: 8 $4, There are six tenses and four moods in Sanskrit viz, (1) Present Tense (7) (*) and (4) Past Tenses [differentiated as Imperfect, Perfect and Aorist] (5) and (*) Future tenses (differentiated as First Future and Second Future] (7) the Imperative Mood (*) the Potential Mood (*) the Benedictive Mood and (}°) the Conditional. The terminations for these tenses and moods are the same as given in § 2 but they undergo various modifications, A list of these modified terminations is given further below. § 5, Of these tenses and moods, the Present Tense the Im- perfect Tense, the Imperative Mood and the Potential Mood, are called Conjugational Tenses and Moods for Sanskrit roots have - been divided into ten conjugational classes with respect to these, In the first part of our work we shall deal with these conjugational tenses and moods and the rest in the second part. §6. There are 1944 primary roots* in Sanskrit classified into ten groups or conjugations. Inthe conjugational tenses and moods the roots of the different conjugations take different conjugational signs before the terminations are added, The following tabular statement will make the scheme clear.— Names of the | No. of vo ae No. of Classes. Sign, | taking | taking roots | Total, | Paras- | Atma- taking English | Sanskrit | maipadalnepada, | °¢he?- | either. I Conj. | varf: aT 623 | 331 | 57 | 1011 IT Con}. aratta: nil 44 31 7 a III Con}. : 2 6 IV Con, 39 5 V Conj. 2 9 VI Conj. 10 12 - VII Conj. 3 9 | 25 8 10‘ * This list does not include the alternative roots given by Panini in the * af TFWM. §7, Of the ten conjugational classes the frst, fourth, sith and the tenth form one group as the base cf the roots belonging to them ends in a, The remaining conjugations form another group. § 8. Voices. Sanskrit verbs have three voices viz, (*) Active (#) Passive and (*) Impersonal, Transitive verbs have Active and Passive while Intransitive verbs have Active and Impersonal. The Impersonai voice is the Passive usage of Intransitive roots but the sense is that of the Active alone. §9, The Modified terminations. I. Present Tense Parasmaipada IPerson f¥ @&: II Person fa 2: III Person fa : aq a qi Ws qT awe atfa ara nil aa g bali § 3. Imperative. 4. Potential. aA it al at ana gan ce Atmanepada [The terminations for the second group of conjugations (Viz rl, iu, V, Vii, Vili and ix) are slightly different and they are given in Section B, where the roots of those conjugations are dealt with,] PART I. Section A Roots of the I, IV, VI and X conjugations, CHAPTER I I Conjugation, 1, we “to protect’? Parasmaipada—Active voice, Present Tense. camTtet TATA TATA: ‘I protect § We two protect We all protect Tartar THT: * Youprotect You two protect You all protect wale Tad: Tales He protects They two protect They all protect Imperfect. [In the Imperfect, short ay 1s prefixed to the roots beginning with consonants and long agr to those beginning with vowels.] ARAL ALM I protected We two protected We all protected ACA ALATA ATT You protected You two protected You all protected AAT ALATA, ALAL He Protected They two protected They all protected Imperative. Tear TATA TATA Let me protect Jet us both protect Let us all protect Ta TAAL Tata You! protect . You two! protect You all! protect Let him protect Lot them both protect Let them all protect *In Bhandarkar’s book the ii P. Sing. is translated as * Thou ” but we have avoided it here as it is obsolete. TATA Potential. CHT THT wan * I should protect Wetwoshould We all should protect protect TH TATA Tata ¥ou should protect Youtwo should You all should protect protect THATA THT: THA : He should protect They two should They all should protect protect Passive Voice. [In the Passive voice q 18 added to the root and Atmanepada terminations are appended irrespective of the fact that the root belongs to the Parasmarpada class or Atmanepada class. There is no conjugational difference too]. Present Tense. THY THATS THATAL I am protected We two are We all are protected protected THT Tea THT You are protected § You two are You all are protected protected TET se 6 wearet He is protected § They two are They all are protected protected Imperfect. TTT [ was protected We two were We all were protected protected