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aebmfw dntk¿®v tPW¬ 4675 bp.Pn.kn.˛sIb¿ AwKoIrX tPW¬. {I.\. 114, {Kq∏v˛Un jnPp A-e-Iv-kv, sF.Fkv.Fkv.F≥.˛0974 1984 kn-_p kn.sP., B¿.F≥.sF. \w. sI.C.B¿._n.sF.F¬. 2008/24527 F¬.kn.kn.F≥. 2013˛318190 kp-\n¬ hn.Fkv. hm.13, e. 1 P\p-h-cn˛G-{]n¬ 2020, ]p. 4675˛4681 ap-≠-°-b-sØ... ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tPW¬ hmeyw 13, e°w 1 P\p-h-cn-˛-G-{]n¬ 2020 _m_p sNdnbm≥, jnPp AeI-vkv, kn_p kn.sP., kp\n¬ hn.Fkv Iq-\-Ωm-hv A-®p-Iq-Sw: D, Du-Im-c Nn-”-ß-fp-sS ]n-cn-s®-gp-Øv kw-{K-lw 1872˛1873 h¿-j-ß-fn¬ Iq-\-Ωm-hv B-{i-a A-®p-Iq-Sw D-Im-c-Øn- s‚bpw Du-Im-c-Øn-s‚-bpw D]-en-]n-Iƒ {]-tXy-Iw A-®p-Iƒ D-]- tbm-Kn-®v ]n-cn-®v F-gp-Xp-∂ co-Xn kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw Ip-d-®-[n-Iw ]p- kv-X-I-ßƒ A-{]-Im-cw A-®-Sn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-h¿ kzo-I-cn-® D-Im-c-˛-Du-Im-c-Nn-”-ßƒ b-Ym-{I-aw Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h- bmWv. Xmt°m¬-hm-°p-Iƒ en-]n-]-cn-jv-Imcw, D-Imcw, Du-Imcw, Iq-\-Ωm-hv A-®p-IqSw _m_p sN-dn-bm≥ ([email protected]) jnPp A-e-Iv-kv ([email protected]), kn-_p kn.sP. ([email protected]), kp-\n¬ hn.Fkv. ([email protected]). B-ap-Jw 4676 ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tPW¬ F.Un. l-cn-i¿-a c-Nn-® I-≠-Øn¬ h¿-§o-kp-am-∏n-f F-∂ ]p- kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ A-\p-_-‘-am-bn tN¿-Øn-´p-≈ "a-e-bm-f-a-®-Sn' F-∂ hmeyw 13, e°w 1 P\p-hcn˛G-{]n¬ 2020 te-J-\-Øn¬ h-cm-∏p-g-bn-se A-®p-Iq-S-Øn¬ \-S-∂ en-]n-]-cn-jv-I-c- W {i-a-ß-sf∏-‰n I-≠-Øn¬ h¿-Ko-kp-am-∏n-f C-ß-s\ ]-d-bp-∂p: A-®-Sn-b-£-c-ß-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-bv-°p-hm-\m-bn D Im-c-tØ-bpw Du Im-c-tØ-bpw Ip-dn-°p-∂ Nn-”-ßƒ {]-tXy-Iw D-≠m-°n, A- £-c-ß-fp-sS h-e-Øp-h-i-Øv C-Im-c-Nn-”-ß-fm-b h-≈n-Iƒ tN¿- °p-∂-Xp-t]m-se tN¿-°m≥ ]-Øp-]-{¥-≠p sIm-√w ap≥-]pv H-cp {i- aw D-≠m-b-Xm-bn Hm¿-Ω-bp-≠pv. C-Xpv h-cm-∏p-g an-jy≥ h-I A-®p- °p-S-Øn-em-Wpv Xp-S-ßn-b-sX-∂p tXm-∂p-∂p. tdm-am-°-tØm-en-°m {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS C-S-bn¬ am-{Xw {]-Nm-c-ap-≈ Nn-e ]p-kv-X-I-ß- fn¬ Cu k-{º-Zm-b-sØ {]-tbm-®-Xm-bpw I-≠n-´p-≠pv. C-Xp-sIm- ≠m-bn-cn-°mw a-‰p A-®p-°q-S-ßƒ C-Xn-s\ A-\p-I-cn-°m-\pw Ip-sd- s»-sb-¶n-epw \-S-∏m-Ip-hm-\pw C-S-bm-Im-™-Xpv. H-Sp-hn¬, B-cw-`n- ® B-fp-Iƒ-X-s∂ C-Xn-s\ D-t]-£n-®p F-∂pw tXm-∂p-∂p. C-t∏mƒ Cu {]-tbm-Kw F-ßpw Im-Wp-∂n-√. C-Xp \-S-∏m-bn F-¶n¬ A-®-Sn- °m-cp-sS _p-≤n-ap-´p h-f-sc Ip-d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p (F-Un l-cn-i¿-Ω 1950: ). xiii "a-e-bm-f-a-®-Sn' F-∂ Cu te-J-\w 1069 Nn-ßw (1893 Hm-K-Ãv) am-k-Øn¬ ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b `m-jm-t]m-jn-Wn am-kn-I-bp-sS e-°-Øn- em-Wv I-≠-Øn¬ h¿-Ko-kp-am-∏n-f {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. Cu te-J-\-{]-Im-cw h-cm-∏p-g-bn-se A-®p-Iq-S-Øn¬ ]-sØm≥- ]-Xmw \p-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\w H-cp {]-[m-\-s∏-´ a-e-bm-f en-]n-]-cn- jv-I-c-W {i-aw \-S-∂n-´q-≠v. I-≠-Øn¬ h¿-Ko-kp-am-∏n-f-bp-sS te-J-\-Øn-se ap-I-fn-se ]- cm-a¿-iw ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°p hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-t∏mƒ e-`n-® ]p-Xn-b hn- h-c-ßƒ tUm-°p-sa‚v sN-øp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv Cu te-J-\-Øn-s‚ D-t±iyw. sX-fn-hp-I-fn-te-°- v I-≠-Øn¬ h¿-§o-kv am-∏n-f-bp-sS te-J-\-Øn-se {]-kv-Xm-h-\- bp-sS Ip-cp-°-gn-°p-I-bpw sX-fn-hp-Iƒ ti-J-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I F-∂ e-£y-tØm-Sp Iq-Sn am-∂m-\w B-{i-a-Øn-se-bpw _mw-•q¿ [¿- Ωm-cmw sse-{_-dn-bn-te-bpw B¿-ss°-hp-Iƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-®p. I-≠- Øn¬ h¿-§o-kv am-∏n-f-bp-sS te-J-\-Øn¬ Im-e-L-´w Ir-Xy-am-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ h-cm-∏p-g A-®p-Iq-Sw Xp-S-ßn-b 1880 sXm-´v A-hn-sS \n-∂v C-d-ßn-b ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ B-Wv R-ßƒ ]-cn- 4677 tim-[n-®-Xv. ]-s£ 1900 h-sc-bp-≈ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-s®- _m_p sN-dn-bm≥, jnPp A-e-Iv-kv, ¶n-epw sX-fn-hp-Iƒ H-∂pw e-`n-®n-√. kn-_p kn.sP., h-cm-∏p-g-bn-se A-®p-Iq-S-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v sX-fn-hp-Iƒ In- kp-\n¬ hn.Fkv. ´m-sX B-b-t∏mƒ R-ß-fp-sS {i-≤ a-e-bm-fw A-®p-Iq-S N-cn-{X-Øn- Iq-\-Ωm-hv... te-°v Xn-cn-™p. 1844˛¬ Nm-h-d-b-®≥ am-∂m-\-Øp A-®p-Iq-Sw ÿm- ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tPW¬ hmeyw 13, e°w 1 ]n-® hn-h-cw sI.Fw.tKm-hn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´q-≠v.. A-Xn-\m¬ Xp- P\p-h-cn-˛-G-{]n¬ 2020 S¿-∂v am-∂m-\w {]- n¬ \n-∂p-≈ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ Xn-c-bm≥ Xp-S- ßn. F-∂n-´pw \n-cm-i-bm-bn-cp-∂p ^-ew. Xp-S¿-∂v kn.Fw.sF. k-∂ym-k k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Nm-h-d-b-®-s‚ A-®p-Iq-S-]-cn-jvI-c-W-sØ∏-‰n ]-d-bp-∂ `m-K-ßƒ Iq- Sp-X¬ ]-cn-tim-[-\-°v hn-t[-b-am-°n. A-Xn¬ 1870˛¬ Iq-\-Ωm-hv B- {i-a-Øn¬ N-h-d-b-®-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ H-cp A-®p-Iq-Sw Xp-S-ßn-b hn-h-cw ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. Iq-\-Ωm-hp-¶¬ A-®p-Iq-S-Øn¬ \n-∂p-≈ tIm- hp-Æn s\-Sp-ßm-Sn-bp-sS tI-c-f Iu-ap-Zn F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ k-v- Im≥ C-Xn-\-Iw s]m-Xp-k-©-b-Øn¬ e-`y-am-Wv. B ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ]-t£ C-Ø-cw A-®p-]-cn-jv-I-c-W kq-N-\-Iƒ H-∂pw I-≠-Xp-an-√. Xp-S¿-∂v Iq-\-Ωm-hv B-{i-a-Øn-se A-®-Sn Xp-S-ßn-b 1870 sXm- ´p-≈ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ R-ßƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. 1872 F-Øn- b-t∏m-tg-°pw sX-fn-hp-Iƒ e-`y-am-bn Xp-S-ßn. \m-\m-hn-[ ⁄m-\- Ip-kp-a ]q-¶m-hp F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ B-Wv B-Zy-sØ sX-fn-hv In-ń-b-Xv. Xp-S¿-∂v 1872˛-epw 1873˛-epw C-d-ßn-b \n-c-h-[n Iq-\-Ωm-hv A-®p-Iq-S ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v Iq-Sp-X¬ sX-fn-hp-Iƒ e-`n-®p. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hn]p-e-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v e`y-am-Ip-∂n√ F∂Xv en-]n]-cn-Wm-awt]m-ep-≈ hn-j-b-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-∂ K-th-j- I¿ t\-cn-Sp-∂ sh-√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. \Ωƒ ]T-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-ap≈ Hcp ]pkvXIw ]d-bpI; B IrXnam{Xw d^-d≥kn\p \¬IpI F∂ kao-]-\-amWp s]mXpth B¿s°hpIƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂me¬ H-cp {]-tXy-I ]p-kv-X-Iw A-√, H-cp Im-e-L-´-Øn-se ]p- kv-X-I-ßƒ sam-Øw ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°p hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠ A-h-ÿ- bm-Wv CØcw ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xv. R-ß-sf kw-_-‘n- ®n-S-tØm-fw R-ß-fp-sS K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ kz-`m-hw A-dn-bp-∂ _mw•q¿ [¿Ωmcw sse{_-dn-bn-sebpw am∂m\pw B{iaw B¿s°- hvkn-sebpw sse-t{_-dn-b∑m¿ Ccp-hcpw {]-kv-Xp-X -H-cp Im-e-L-´- Øn-se ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ sam-Øw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-hm-Im≥ R-ß-sf A- \p-h-Zn-®p. kz-Im-cy sse-{_-dn-Iƒ B-b-Xv sIm-≠m-Wv R-ßƒ-°p A-Xn-\p-≈ ku-I-cyw In-ń-b-Xv. A-Xp sIm-≠m-Wv Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ sX-fn-hp-Iƒ I-s≠-Øm≥ R-ßƒ-°v I-gn-™-Xv. DIm-c-Øns‚ ]pXnb {lkz-˛-Zo¿L D]-en-]n-Iƒ 4678 ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tPW¬ D-Im-c-Øn-t‚-bpw Du-Im-c-Øn-t‚-bpw Nn-”-ßƒ {]-tXy-Iw A- ®p-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v am-Xr-hy-Rv-P-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v ]n-cn-®v F-gp-Xp-∂ hmeyw 13, e°w 1 P\p-hcn˛G-{]n¬ 2020 co-Xn B-Wv Iq-\-Ωm-hp B-{i-a-Øn-se A-®p-Iq-S-°m¿ A-h-ew-_n- ®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F-√m hy-Rv-P-\m-£-c-ßƒ-°pw Iq-´-£-c-ßƒ-°pw H-tc Nn-”wX-s∂ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p F-∂-Xv A-°m-e-Øv ]p-Xp-a-bmbn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. D-Im-c-Nn-”-hpw Du-Im-c-Nn-”-hp-Ωm-bn Xm-sg sIm- Sp-°p-∂ cq-]-ßƒ b-Ym-{I-aw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p: A-Xm-b-Xv Ip-kp-a ]q-¶m-hp F-∂-Xv Cu k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ C-ß- s\ F-gp-Xp-∂p: C-Xn-¬ D-Im-c-Øns‚ D-]en-]n-bmbn D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv ]- g-b-en-]n-bn¬ Ip Xp-S-ßn-b Nn-e A-£-c-ßfn¬ -Im-Wp∂ kzc-cq- ]-am-bn-cn-°mw. C-∂v ]p-Xn-b-en-]n-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p F-∂ Nn- ”w Iq-\m-am-hn-se D-Im-c-Nn-”-Øn-se Xm-g-sØ hr-Øw ]q¿-Æ-am- °n-b-Xm-Wv F-∂-Xv Iu-Xp-I-I- ca- mW- v. F∂- m¬ Iq\- Ω- mh- v ]p- kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ Du-Im-c-Nn-”-am- bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ cq-]w ]q¿- Æ-am-bpw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-Wv. A- Xv Cu ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-{i-a-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-® D-Im-c-Nn-”-Øn¬ ap-I-fn-epw Xm-tg-bpw sN-dp-hr- Ø-ßƒ tN¿-Ø-Xm-Wv. Cu en-]n-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww D- ]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂ Nne tc-J- I-fp-sS am-Xr-Im Nn-{X-ßƒ Xm- sg sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. Cu en]- n]- c- nj- vI- c- W- s- Ø ]-‰n-bp-≈ H-cp Ip-dn-∏pw Cu ]p- kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ tN¿-Øn-´p-≠v. 1872epw 1873epw Iq-\-Ωm- hp B-{i-a-Øn¬ \n-∂v C-d-ßn- b Ipd- ®- [- nI- w ]pk- Xv- I- ß- f- n¬ R-ßƒ Cu co-Xn I-≠p. Cu co-Xn D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xpw R-ßƒ-°p I-s≠-Øm-\m-b-Xp-am-b Iq-\-Ωm- 4679 hv ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS H-cp ]- _m_p sN-dn-bm≥, jnPp A-e-Iv-kv, ń-I Cu te-J-\-Øn-\p A-\p- kn-_p kn.sP., _-‘-am-bn sIm-Sp-Øn-´q-≠v. kp-\n¬ hn.Fkv. Cu A®- p]- c- nj- vI- c- W- Ø- n\- p Iq-\-Ωm-hv... F-Xn¿-∏v t\-cn-´-Xn-\m¬ B- ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tPW¬ hmw 1874 sXm-´v ]n-t∂-bpw ]- hmeyw 13, e°w 1 P\p-h-cn-˛-G-{]n¬ 2020 gb- c- oX- nb- nt- e°- v amd- n F∂- pw Im-Wp-∂p. en]n ]-cn-jv-Im-c-Øn\p ]n-∂n¬ {]-h¿-Øn-® hy-‡n (Iƒ) Iq\- Ω- mh- v B{-ia- w ÿm- ]n-® hy-‡n N-h-d-b-®≥ B- sW¶- ne- pw, 1872˛e- pw 1873˛e- pw \-S-∂ Cu en-]n ]-cn-jv-I-c- W {i-a-ßƒ-°v t\-Xr-Xzw sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv B-sc-∂v hy-‡- a-√. N-h-d-b-®≥ 1871¬ a-cn-®p t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ A-t±-lw Xp-S- ßn h-® ]-≤-Xn B-bn-cn-°m≥ km≤- yX- Ipd- h- mW- v. CX- n\- v ]n- ∂n-ep-≈-h-sc I-≠-sØ-W-sa- ¶n¬ N-h-d-b-®-\pti-jw Iq-\- Ωm-hv B-{i-a-Øn-se {]- n-\v t\-Xr-Xzw sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂ ]p- tcm-ln-X-cp-sS \mƒ-h-gn ]-cn- tim[- n°- m≥ Ig- nb- W- w. AØ- - cw tc-J-Iƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ R-ßƒ-°v Ahk-cw e-`n-°m- ØX- n\- m¬ A°- mc- yØ- n¬ Xp- S¿-∂v ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-°m≥- R-ßƒ-°v km-[n-®n-√. Cu hn- j-bw A-Xn-\m¬ X-s∂ Xp-S¿- K-th-j-W-Øn-\p hn-Sp-∂p. Iq\-Ωm-hv B-{i-aw A-®p- Iq-Sw \-S-∏n-em°n-b en-]n-]-cn- jv-°m-c-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X- 4680 sb-°p-dn®v, A-sXm-cp ae-bmfw ]pXn-b kw-cw-`-sa-∂-\n- dntk¿®v tPW¬ e-bn¬, hm-b-\-°m-sc t_m-[-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂ hmeyw 13, e°w 1 P\p-hcn˛G-{]n¬ 2020 sN-dp Ip-dn-∏v B-Zy- amZyw ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ tN¿-Øn-cp∂p. "hm-b- \°m-c A-dn-sb-≠p-∂ hn-hcw' F-∂ X-e-s°- t´mS- p IqSnb- Ipd- n∏- v A- Sp-Ø-t]-Pn¬ Im-Wmw1. \-μn _mw•- qc- ns- e [¿a- m- cmw ssh-Zn-I sk-an-\m- cn, am-∂m-\w B-{i-a B¿-ss°-hv-kv F-∂o sse-{_-dn-I-fn¬ \n-∂m- Wv Cu te-J-\-Øn-\p th-≠ sX-fn-hp-Iƒ R-ßƒ-°p e-`n-®-Xv. C- Xv ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b ÿm-]-\-ta-[m-hn-I-tfm-Sv R- ßƒ I-S-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. R-ßƒ-°p ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠ tc-J-I-fp-sS ssh-]p-eyw I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øv R-ßƒ-°p th-≠ F-√m k-lm-b-hpw sNb- vX- p X∂- _mw•- qc- ns- e [¿a- mc- mw sshZ- nI- ska- n\- mc- nb- psS sse- t{_-dn-b≥ ssj-Pp, am-∂m-\w B-{i-a B¿-ss°-hv-kv UbdŒ¿ ^m. B‚-Wn _w-•m-hp]-d-ºn¬ kn.Fw.sF., sse-t{_-dn-b≥ _n-_n≥ F-∂n-h-sc \-μn-tbm-sS kv-a-cn-°p-∂p. A-\p-_-‘w Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ Iq-\-Ωm-hv ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn-em-Wv Cu te-J-\- Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂ A-®p-]-cn-jv-Im-cw Im-Wm≥ I-gn-™-Xv. se-H-\m¿-Z sZ-km≥ fq-ho-k sa-{Xm-t]m-eo-Ø-bp-sS F-gp-Øv (1872)  \¬-a-c-W B-b-Øw (1872)  tI-c-f cm-Py-Øn-se k-Xy-th-Z N-cn-{Xw (1872)  1873˛mw h¿-j-sØ ]-©mw-Kw (I¿-Øm-hn-s‚ Im-ew 1873 h-sc H-  scm-scm kw-`-h-Øn-s‚ Im-e-kw-Jy-Iƒ) ]¿-hw A-© ˛ A¿-sWm-k (1873)  \m-\m-hn-[ ⁄m-\ Ip-kp-a ]q-¶m-hp (1873)  Ipdn-∏v 4681 _m_p sN-dn-bm≥, jnPp A-e-Iv-kv, 1. CXp-t]mse, aoØ¬ (N-{μ°-e) A-®-Sn-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm- kn-_p kn.sP., Kn-®p Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, B Nn-”-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®v kp-\n¬ hn.Fkv. hm-b-\-°m-sc [-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n CXp-t]m-se-bp-≈ Ip-dn-∏v Iq-\-Ωm-hv... ]p-kv-X-Im-cw-`-Øn¬ tN¿-Øn-cp-∂Xpw C-°q-sS tN¿-Øp Nn-¥n-°m- ae-bmfw dntk¿®v tPW¬ hp-∂-XmWv. hmeyw 13, e°w 1 P\p-h-cn-˛-G-{]n¬ 2020