1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals

452 Pages·1996·15.7 MB·English

by  Baillie, Jonathan

The tUCN Species Survival Commission
1996 lUCN Red List of
Threatened
Animals
Compiled and Edited by
Jonathan Baillie and
Brian Groombridge
TheWoridConseivationUnion
9
©1996InternationalUnionforConservationotNatureandNaturalResources
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Citation:lUCN 1996. 1996lUCNRedListofThreatenedAnimals. lUCN,Gland,Switzerland.
ISBN2-8317-0335-2
Co-publishedbylUCN,Gland,Switzerland andCambridgeU.K.,andConservation International,
Washington, D.C.,U.S.A.
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Camera-readycopyoftheintroductorytextbytheChicagoZoologicalSociety,Brookfield, Illinois60513,U.S.A.
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Coverphoto:Radiatedtortoise, Geocheloneradiata(JolinL.Behler).
The lUCN Species Survival Commission
1996 lUCN Red List of
Threatened
Animals
CompiledandEditedby
JonathanBaillieandBrianGroombridge
withtheassistanceof
MarianoGimenezDixon, AngelaBarden,
NeilCox,BelindaGray, SimonStuart,
MartinSneary,TimothyJohnson,Julie Reay,
ElizabethMcCance,andGeorginaMace
inassociationwithexpertsinthe
lUCNSpeciesSurvivalCommission,
WorldConservationMonitoringCentre,
andBirdLifeInternational
GuestEssayshy
UlfGardenfors
AlisonStattersfield
Forewordby
GeorgeRabb
^
lUCN >n
TheWoridConservationUnion species Survival Commission Conservationinternational
4mc ^•^
WORLDCONSERVATION
MONITORINGCENTRE SidiamuofOman ChicagoZoologicalSocii;ly
WWF B""i^r^dfrL'iof"e^ Nca'^Ys'fwne-^JfllMH^Cv ENnAgTlUiRsEh
)
Contributions to the lUCN/Species Survival Commission
and the 1996lUCNRedListofThreatenedAnimals
TheSpecies SurvivalCommissiongratefullyrecognizes TheNationalWildlifeFederation(NWF)makesasig-
itsextensivenetworkofvolunteerswhomakeproduction nificant annual contribution to the SSC Conservation
ofthe lUCN RedListpossible. Those individuals who CommunicationsFund, inaddition tograntsforinsitu
have contributed time and expertise are listed in the conservationcoordinatedbytheSSC. NWFisthelargest
Acknowledgements. SSCalsowishestoacknowledge non-governmental, non-profitconservationeducation
thosedonorswhosemajorfinancialcontributionssupport andadvocacyorganization intheUnitedStates. NWF's
awide varietyofSSCactivities, aswell asdevelopment emphasis isonhelping individuals andorganizationsof
andpublicationofthe lUCNRedList. allcultures,inthe UnitedStatesandabroad,toconserve
wildlifeandothernatural resources andtoprotectthe
The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott earth'senvironmenttoassureapeaceful, equitable,and
lUCN/SSCActionPlanFundin 1990. TheFundsupports sustainablefuture.
Action Plandevelopmentand implementation; todate,
more than 80grants havebeen made from the Fundto The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan, has
SpecialistGroups. Asaresult,theActionPlanProgram awarded major grants to the SSC's Wildlife Trade
hasprogressedatan accelerated level andthe network ProgramandConservation Communications Program.
hasgrownandmaturedsignificantly. The SSC isgrate- This support has enabled SSC tocontinue its valuable
ful tothe Sultanate ofOmanforitsconfidence in and technicaladvisoryservicetothePartiestoCITESaswell
supportforspeciesconservationworldwide. astothelargerglobalconservationcommunity. Among
otherresponsibilities, theCOA is inchargeofmatters
TheChicagoZoologicalSociety(CZS)providessignif- concerning the designation and managementofnature
icant in-kind and cash support to the SSC, including reserves,conservationofwildlifeandtheirhabitats,con-
grantsforspecial projects,editorial anddesignservices, servation of natural landscapes, coordination of law
staffsecondments, and related support services. The enforcementefforts, as well as promotion ofconserva-
President of CZS and Director of Brookfield Zoo, tioneducation,research,andinternationalcooperation.
George B. Rabb, serves as the volunteerChairofthe
SSC. The missionofCZS istohelppeopledevelopa TheWorld WideFundforNature(WWF)provides
sustainable and harmonious relationship with nature. significantannualoperatingsupporttotheSSC. WWF's
TheZoocarriesoutits missionby informingandinspir- contribution supportsthe SSC"s minimal infrastructure
ing 2,000,000 annual visitors, serving as a refuge for and helps ensure that the voluntary network and
WWF
speciesthreatenedwithextinction,developingscientific PublicationsProgramareadequately supported.
approachestomanage speciessuccessfullyinzoosand aimstoconservenatureandecologicalprocessesby: (I
the wild, and working withotherzoos, agencies, and preservinggenetic,species,andecosystemdiversity; (2)
protected areas aroundthe world toconserve habitats ensuringthatthe useofrenewable natural resources is
andwildlife. sustainablebothnowandinthelongerterm;and(3)pro-
moting actions to reduce pollution and the wasteful
exploitationandconsumptionofresourcesandenergy.
WWF
isoneoftheworld'slargest independentconser-
vationorganizations,withanetworkofNationalOrgani-
zations andAssociatesaroundthe worldandmorethan
WWF
5.2 million regularsupporters. continues to be
known as World Wildlife Fund in Canada and in the
UnitedStatesofAmerica.
Intro2
The following organizationsalsoplayedan important BirdLifeInternationalcompilesandmaintainsthebird
role inrelationtothelUCN RedList: componentofthelUCN RedList. BirdLifeisaworld-
widepartnershipofconservationorganizationsthatseeks
Publication ofthe 1996lUCNRedListofThreatened to conserve all wild bird species and their habitats.
AnimalswasmadepossiblebylUCN/SSC'sco-publish- Throughthis. BirdLifehelpsprotecttheworld'sbiolog-
ingpartnerConservationInternational(CI). CIsecured icaldiversityandsupportsthesustainableusebyhumans
fundsforthe RedListproduction, includingagenerous ofthe world'snatural resources. BirdLife is anational
grantfromtheMargotMarshBiodiversityFoundation forcein58countriesaroundtheworldandrepresentedin
(US)and supportedpublication anddistributionofthe afurther26nations.
publication. CIhelpspeople improvetheirstandardof
living whileconservingtheirvaluable naturalresources. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) supplied data for
CIdevelopsandpromotesmodelstoconserveecological many ofthe North American species included in the
"hotspots,"threatenedrainforests,andotherecosystems lUCN RedList. TNC isaninternational non-govern-
inLatinAmerica, Africa, andAsia. Toensure lasting mental organization whose mission is to preserve
solutionstoconservationchallenges, these modelsinte- the plants, animals, and ecological communities that
grateeconomic,cultural, andecological factors, andare representthediversityoflifeonEarth. Withmorethan
designedtostrengthenlocalcapacityforconservation. 800,000members, theConservancyownsandmanages
over1,600preserves,thelargestprivatesystemofnature
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre sanctuariesintheworld. Internationally,theConserv-
(WCMC)is SSC'sdatamanagementpartner, andman- ancy works to support in-country organizations and
agesthedatabasefromwhichthelUCNRedListisgen- agenciesthatshareitsfocusontheprotectionofbiologi-
erated, and has provided much ofthe information for cal diversity. TheConservancyhas alsohelpedestab-
thisedition. WCMC,basedinCambridge,UK,isajoint- lish a network of Natural Heritage Programs and
venture between the three partners in the World ConservationDataCenters,basedin stateandnational
Consenation Strategy, and itssuccessor. Caringforthe agenciesandprivateorganizationsthroughouttheUnited
Earth: lUCN, UNEP(the UnitedNations Environment States,Canada,andLatinAmerica.
Programme), andWWF. WCMC providesinformation
services on the conservation and sustainable use of
speciesandecosystemsandsupportsothersinthedevel-
opmentoftheirowninformationsystems.
Intro3
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2010 witii funding from
UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/1996iucnredlisto96bail
1
Contents
Page Page
Foreword GuestEssays
GeorgeB. Rabb Intro6
ApplicationoflUCNRedList
CategoriesonaRegionalScale
Acknowledgements Intro7
UlfGdrdenfors Intro63
Introduction Intro 10 ApplyingtheNewlUCN
ThreatenedSpeciesCategories
OrganizationofInformation Intro 12 AlisonStattersfield Intro67
InformationSourcesandQuality Intro 15 The 1996lUCNRedListof
ThreatenedAnimals
TheNewlUCNCategories
andCriteria Intro 17 IndextoClasses 1
List 1. ThreatenedSpecies 3
Analysis
JonathanBaillie Intro24 List2. LowerRisk:conservationdependent . . .129
List3. LowerRisk: nearthreatened 135
References Intro42
List4. ExtinctandExtinctintheWild 177
DataTables List5. DataDeficient 193
Table 1. StatusCategorySummary List6. SubspeciesandPopulations 219
forallClassesandOrders Intro44 List7. TaxaRemovedfromthe
Table2. StatusCategorySummary 1996RedList 241
byMajorTaxonomicGroup Intro50
Index 257
Table3. ThreatenedSpecies:Country
TotalsbyTaxonomicGroup Intro5
Annex
Table4. Extinct,Threatenedand KeytoSources Annex 1
OtherSpecies;CountryTotalsby rUCNRedListCategories Annex3
StatusCategory Intro57
Intro5
Foreword
The RedListofThreatened Animals is awarningflag, Second,the applicationofthenewsystemtospecies
signalling forglobal attention to the perilous status of onpriorlists and tootherspecies was alsoadaunting
many species. Initsapproach,this RedListisdifferent undertaking. Many Specialist Groups ofthe Species
from all its predecessors and the existing Red Data SurvivalCommissionandBirdLifeInternationalcarried
books. Itemploysamorerigorous systemforassessing outthiswork. JonathanBailliegavecrucialattentionto
degree ofthreatofextinction, asystem reflectingcur- coordinationandinstructionofthiswork,andhisservice
rentknowledgeinpopulation biology inrelationtocon- deservesthegratitudeofconservationistseverywhere.
servationconcerns. Thismoreobjectiveapproachshould Mostconservationactionsarecarriedoutinnational
helpfocusattentiononthecausative factors behindthe contexts, andgoingforward, the new approachtocate-
diminishedgeographic ranges, decliningpopulations, gorizingconservationstatusneedstobeadaptedforuse
and small numbers thatcharacterizeendangerment in at the national level. The lUCN is encouraging the
manyspecies. development of National Biodiversity Conservation
TheRedListisincompletebecauseofourignorance Groups,anditisimportantthattheybesuitablyequipped
ofthe vastmajorityoflife formsontheplanet, mostof withcogentinformationindirectingtheireffortstoeffect
theminvertebratesandothermicrofauna. Nevertheless, conservationofendemicspecies.
the statusofthelargerspeciescoveredbytheRedList Asbiological gaugesofendangerment, the RedLists
is indicative of the circumstances for many smaller ofspecies shouldbeconsideredascalls forattentionto
speciesthatoccupythesameenvironmentsasthelarger causal factors. Thecausesofendangermentrangefrom
species. Inthis connection, a notable achievementin habitatdestruction andoverharvestingtopollution and
preparationofthiseditionofthe RedListwasreviewof introductionofinvasivespecies. Thoroughgoingreview
all speciesofmammals. Thankstothisworkandtothe oftheRedListinrelationtotheseproximatecausesmay
priorworkofBirdLifeInternational, twoclassesofver- helpfocusrelevantresearch,education,training,andpol-
tebrateshave nowbeenassessed. Itisofsignificance icydevelopmentwithinthelUCNnetworksandthecon-
forconservationplanningandactionthatthe lessvagile servationcommunity generally. Inturn, such workcan
group,themammals,hasproportionatelymorespeciesat inform andinspire appropriategovernmental andsocial
riskofextinctionthanthebirds. actionstostemthelossofbiologicaldiversityillustrated
The observations above reflect very considerable so explicitly by this Red List. Looking ahead, such
accomplishments. First,thedevelopmentofthenewsys- responsivenesswillbeobligatory ifwearetodeal atall
temforcategorizingthreats wasaformidabletask. Led adequately with global change phenomena that are
by GeorginaMace, theeffortinvolvedhundredsofcon- impactingthe long term survivalprospects forecosys-
sultations and much debate over several years before temsandtheirdistinctivecomplementsofspecies.
therewasaproductsuitableforadoptionbylUCN-The
WorldConservationUnion. Theconservationcommu- GeorgeB. Rabb
nityistrulyindebtedtoDr.Maceandhermanycollabo- SSCChair
ratorsfortheirwork.
Intro6
Acknowledgements
Theassistanceofmanypeoplehasbeenessentialduring Marydele Donnelly, Iain Douglas-Hamilton. Craig
thecompilationofthe 1996lUCN RedList. Inparticu- Downer, Holly Dublin, Henri J. Dumont, Patrick
lar, we must acknowledge the many SSC Specialist Duncan, J. Dutton, Rod East, Harald Ehmann, Lucius
Groupchairs andothermembers, andthe many other Eldredge, Mark Eldridge, Keith Eltringham, K.C.
fieldscientists,whohaveprovideddataandopinionsfor Emberton, Sebastian Endrody-Younga, Carl Ernst,
thisrevision, usuallyinadditiontoalreadyheavywork- Joseph Erwin, Ardith A. Eudey, G. Evans, Michael
loads. We hopethatwehave notoverlookedanyone in Ewert, NeilFairall,GarryFellers.ChristopherField, Y.
thelistbelow, andtrustthatthose whohavemadeespe- Finet,J.F.FitzpatrickJr.,TimFlannery,JohnFlux,Jack
ciallyvaluablecontributionswillnotobjecttoouralpha- Fooden, Thomas Foose, Koyla Formozov, Nikolai
betical sequence. Formozov, GarthFoster,ChuckFowler, SarahFowler,
RazeemMazaln Abdullah, AlbertoAbreuGrobois, Nat Frazer, A. Frias-Martin, Tony Friend. Agustin
M. Farid Absan, Arturo Acero, Donat Agosti, Alex Fuentes, Liza Gadsby, Anh Galat, Gerard Galat,
Aguilar,GustavoAguirre, A. Alberts.G. Allen, Patricia Nicholas Gales, Ray Gambell, Usha Ganguli-
Almada-Villela, R. Alonso, Giovanni Amori, Claes Lachungpa, S.K. Gangwere, Marion Garai, Gerald
Andren,ChristopherAndrews,DouglasArmstrong,Visit Gamer, DaveGarshelis, Steve Gartlan, A. Gasgoigne,
Arsaithamkul, Syoziro Asahina, Jose Marcio Ayres, Annie Gautier-Hion, Anthony Gent, Sarah George,
Baccio Baccetti. Gary Backhouse, Robin Baird, John ArthurGeorges,G. Gerber, StellaGiannoni, R. Gibson,
Baker, George Balazs, Michael Balke, Harvey Ballard Huw Giffiths, Joshua Ginsberg, Spartaco Gippoliti,
Jr.,EmilioBalleto,JohnBannister.K.R.Beaman,Simon AngelaGlatston, NatalieGoodall, N. Goodyear, Suren-
Bearder, John Behler, Denton Belk, Ben Bell. Diana dra Goyal, Michael Green, Penelope Greenslade,
Bell, Charles Bellamy, John Benzie, Ibrahim Beran, MichaelGriffin, O.Griffiths,KurtGrossenbacher,Colin
Kristin Berry, Vladimir Beshkov, Peter Best, Roger P. Groves, Kunkun Jaka Gurmaya, M. Haase, Celio
Bills, DavidBilton.Zainuddin BinAwangLela. Vadim Haddad, M. Hadfield, L. Hadway, David Hafner,
Birstein, Karen Bjorndal. D. Blair. Charles Blanch. HeatherHall,MattiHamalainen,MichelleHamer,Sandy
WilliamBleisch,QuentinBloxam,A.E.Bogan,Ramesh Harcourt, James Harding, John Hare,Tero Harkonen,
Boonratana. Eric Born, Philippe Bouchet, Ian Boyd, David Harrison,John Harwood, Julie Hawkins, W.K.
William Branch, Douglas Brandon-Jones. Matthew Hayes, SunHean, Larry Heaney, Simon Hedges, Mads
Braunwalder, Amie Brautigam, M. Breuil, Warren Y. Peter Htide-Jorgensen, Joel Heinen, Eero Helle, J.
Brockelman, Daniel Brooks, Martin Brooks, D.S. Heller, R. Henderson, Lars Hendrich. Martin Henzl,
Brown, Robert Brownell, B. Bruce, AndrewBurbridge, AlejandroHernandez-Yasez, David Hill,Craig Hilton-
KurtBushlmann,James Buskirk,Tom Butynski, Nora Taylor, RodHitchmough, Horton HobbsIII, Domingo
Bynum, Des Callaghan, Ruben Callo, Merry Camhi, Hoces, John Holsinger, Paul Horner, J. Horrocks, M.
ClaudioCampagna, DomingoCanales-Epinosa, John Hounsome, Darryl Houston, ChiaChi Hsiung, Elodie
Cann, EmilyCapuli,EduardoCarrillo,C.M.S. Carring- Hudson, Gene Huntsman, MarkHutchinson, Anthony
ton, R.L. Carter, StephenCasey, FernandoCervantes, Hutson, M. Ibanez, Thomas Illiffe, Amar Inamdar,
AnwaruddinChoudhury, PeterChristie. Ruth Chunge, PrayuthIntarapanich, AugustinIriarteW,JohnIverson,
Tim Clancy, D. Clark, Harold Cogger, Adelmar NinaG.Jablonski.DaleJackson,PeterD.Jackson,Peter
Coimbra-Filho,JamesCokendolpher, G. Cole, Cristino F.R.Jackson,PeterJarman,ThomasJefferson,Raymond
CoUado,DavidE.Collins,L.Compagno,LuisContreras. Jezerinac,Xing-BaoJin, AndrewJohns,ChrisJohnson,
SalvadorContreras-Balderas,J.Conyers,S.Cook,Justin KenJohnson.Naris Kaewsalabnil,ZhouKaiya, Sumate
Cooke, Peter Copley, Keith Corbett, Liliana Cortes- Kamolnorranath, Kadzo Kangwana, Toshio Kasuya,
Ortiz,R.vonCosel,JackieCourtenay,JohnCoventry,R. HidehiroKato,ToddKatzner,LesKaufman,V.Kessner,
Cowie, Colin Craig, Keith Crandall. Enrique Crespo, Le Vu Khoi. Catri Khoohathapharak, Bastiaan Kiauta,
DeborahGrouse, NeilCumberlidge, ClaudioCunazza. R.N. Kilburn, Steven Kingswood, Margaret Kinnaird,
Indraneil Das, Charles Daugherty, G.S. Davis, Steve CarlKinze,R.CraigKirkpatrick,DevraKleiman,David
Dawson, MarkDay, Flaviode Barros Molina,Gustavo Klein, Hans Klingel, Ann K. Kohihaas, WichitKongk-
deFonseca,GerritDeGraaff,IdsendeGusmaoCamara, ham, Karen Kool, Adriaan Kortlandt, Zoltan Korzos,
Daniel de Lamo, Roberto de Rocha e Silva, Thomas MauriceKottelat,GeraldKuchling,AjithKumar,Padma
Defler,BernardDevaux,ChrisDickinan,H.K. Divekar, Kumaride Silva,Frank Kurczewski, Sergius Kuzmin,
Intro7
Michael Lambert. Ernst Lang, Tom Langton, P. Last, Sadovy, Carl Safina, David Saltz, Michael Samways,
Andrew Laurie, David Lavigne, RichardLaws, Kevin Kanchai Sanwong, Daniel Sarasqueta, Carel P. Van
Lazarus,James Lazell. Nigel Leader-Williams, Steve Schaik,P.J.Schembri.MitchelSchiewe,DuaneSchlitter,
Leatherwood, Anthony Lee, Phyllis Lee, Charlie EberhardSchmidt, Frederick Schueller. HelgaSchulze,
Leelasiri. Lynn Lefebvre, Jean-Marc Lernould, Jean Norman Scott, Mary Barbara Seddon, John Seebeck,
Lescure, Sanan Liangpaiboon, Colin Limpus, Malan Michael Seidel, Michael Sergeev, Lester Seri, Juan
Lindeque, Bounchanh Liphoung, Lois K. Lippold, Carlos Serio-Silva, Chris Servheen, David Shackleton,
Miguel Lizana, Michael Lock, Chainarong Lohachit, Nita Shah, Peter Shaughnessy, Glenn Shea, Greg
Paul Loiselle,LloydLowry,GeoffLundie-Jenkins,Dan Sherley, Jeff Short, Johann Sigurjonsson, Claudio
Lunney, Yiqing Ma, AlistairMacDonald, David Mac- Sillero-Zubiri, Gilberto Silva-Lopez, Marcus Simons,
donald, Angelo Machado, Akihiro Mae, Alejandro Apidet Singhaseni, Tero Sipilla, Paul Skelton, Boris
Maeda-Martinez. Bruce Male. David Mallon, M.C.D. Sket, S. Slack-Smith, Elisabeth Slooten, AndrewSmith,
Mansur, NecaMarcovaldi, Dimitris Margaritoulis.A.L. Brian Smith, Laurie Smith. Jack Sobel, A. Solem,
Markezich, Miriam Marmontel, Helene Marsh, Keen RamonSoriguer, Nicolas Soto, Zandi Spuris, Sompoad
Martens, RodericMast, Larry Master, YolandaMatam- Srikosamatara, J. Stanisic, F. Starmiihlner,J. Steffek,
oros, Sharon Matola, Stephanie Maxwell, Mary June Sally Stephens, Melanie Stiassny, Ian Stirling, David
Maypa, Don McAllister, Kelly McAllister, Elizabeth Stone, Gregory Stone, Karen Strier, Anton Stumpel,
McCance, Andrew McCarthy, William McCord, Keith Franz Suchentrunk, Ken Sugimura, Vivake Sukead,
McDonald, R.M. McDowall, RogerMcManus, David ChannarongSukthon,RamanSukumar,YantSukwonge,
Mech, Marcus Meier, PeterMenkhorst, AnneMeylan, Sidney W. Sunkle, Jatna Supriatna, P. Tattersfield,
Peter Meylan, Simon Mickleburgh, Phil Miller, Gus Christopher Taylor, Mitchell Taylor, Ricky Taylor,
Mills, Joe Mitchell, Joseph Mitchell, Russell Mitter- Andrei Tchabovsky, GezaTeleki,JoThompson, Paul
meier, Patricia Moehlman, Don Moll, Edward Moll, Thompson,JohnThorbjamarson, ApichartTirawatana,
Maggie Moonie-Seus, Jim Moore, Norman Moore, P.Tolson, K.Tomiyania, DavidTowns, FritzTrillmich,
DanielMorris. KeithMorris,Jeanne Mortimer,Cynthia Wancahi Tunwattana, Caroline Tutin, B. K. Tyagi,
Moss,JohannaMotta-Gill,TeresaMuUiken, Graziella Michael Tyler, Martin Tyson, Shun-Ichi Ueno, Yuji
Mura,JackMusick,M.Mylonas,TiloNadler,F.Naggs, Uozumi, Yongchai Utara, Claudio Valladares-Padua,
Bernabas Nagy, D. Nellis, Gertrud Neumann-Denzau. VictorValverde, Erik vanderStraeten, PeterPaul van
T.R. New, Don Newman, Carsten Niemitz, Goran Dijk, Nico van Strien,Jan vanTol, Dick Vane-Wright,
Nilson, Toshisada Nishida, Steve Njumbe, Peter R. Varman. Alejandro Velazquez, Fernando Videla,
Novellie, KristinNowell, EduardoNunez, FelixNunez, BibianaVila, MariaLilianVillalba. AmandaVincent,
Ann Oakenfull, John F. Gates, R.A. Odum. Ricardo ValeriyVladimirov.RichardVogt,RobWager, H. Wai,
Ojeda, Maria Elisa Oliveira, William Oliver, Robert SimonWakefield, Sawai Wanghongsa, MelvinWarren
Olivier,ThawomOrasoon,J. Ottenwalder, Su SuOung, Jr., RobertWebb, VernWeitzel, Susan Wells,Christen
S. Palazzi, Buntawan Pamoke, Felipe Pascual, Dennis Wemmer,TonyWhitaker,AnthonyWhitten,IanWhyte,
Paulson, Junaidi Payne, Paul Pearce-Kelly, David Wisid Wichasilpa, Mary Wicksten, T. Wiewandt,
Pearson,OliverPearson,A.Perera,A.M.Perez,William OysteinWiig, StuartWilliams, LizWilliamson, Khin
Perrin, R. Pethiyagoda, Georgi Petrov Peshev, Bernie Than Win, D. Wingate, A.J. de Winter, John Winter,
Peyton, William Pflieger. Richard Podloucky, Cathryn Roland Wirth, John Woinarski, Grace Wong-Reyes,
Poff. B. Pokryseko, W. Ponder. Ishwar Prakash, Elizabeth Wood, Charles Woods, Jack Woody, Pat
TheerapatPrayurasiddhi. R.C. Preece, PeterPritchard, WooUey, RichardWrangham, W.Wuster,NuanThong
Zdzislaw Pucek, SilviaPuig, Andre Punt, Paul Racey, Xavonxay, Zhang Yongzu, WaltrautZimmermann, G.
David Ragge, Graeme Ramsay, Nipai Rattanapan, Zorzi. GeorgeZug, Gabriel Zunino, andC.G. vanZyll
Nancy Rayner, Bruce Read. James Reddell. Kent deJong.
Redford, Randall Reeves, JanetReid, PeterReijnders, Although it isalwaysdangeroustodrawattentionto
Dave Charles Rentz, Julio Reyes, Vernon Reynolds, particularnamesfrom suchalist, special mentionmust
Anders Rhodin, IgnacioRibera. EnriqueRichard, Philip be made ofthe extraordinary effortmade by the SSC
Richardson,T. Ripkin,GaliumRoberts, PhillipRobin- Mollusc SpecialistGroup, undertheleadershipofMary
son, Terence Robinson, Henry Robinson, Ernesto Seddon andPhilippe Bouchet, whichevaluatedahuge
Rodriguez-Luna, Francisco Romero, Fernando Rosas, numberofspecies forinclusioninthe 7996lUCNRed
James Perran Ross, B. Roth, Rob Roughley, David ListofTlveatenedAnimals.
Rounsevell, Richard Rowe, Mary Rowen, RogerRoy. The data on birds are taken from BirdLife Inter-
AnthonyRylands,SergioSaba,JordiSabater-Pi,Yvonne national's 1994publicationBirdsto Watch2, whichis
Intro8