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EXTENDING THE FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE.. YEAR BOOK *v w CARNEGIE INSTITUTION WA GTON OF H IN S Coverphoto: High-resolution x-ray image offossilized wood ~ 40 millionyearsold. The convo- lutedstructure corresponds tocollapsedcellwalls. Eachcellwall isnominally 4 micronswide; the spatial resolutionofthe image is 50nm and sample thickness is 150 nm, The image was acquired by GeophysicalLaboratorystaffmemberGeorgeCodyusingthescanningtransmissionx-raymicro- scope at the National SynchrotronLight Source, BrookhavenNational Laboratory. Light regions ofthe image correspond to high x-ray transmission, dark to high x-ray absorption. The photon energy is 285 eV, and image contrast is based on the distribution ofa specific type ofcarbon (i.e. carbon involved in pi bonding with other carbons). The image thus provides a high-resolution chemical "map"ofcarbonchemistry. See essaybyGeorge Cody, p. 128. Year Book 95 The Report President's 1995 -June 30, 1996 July 1, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION 1530 P Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005-1910 (202) 387-6400 President: Maxine F. Singer Director, Administration and Finance:JohnJ. Lively Director, External Affairs: Susanne Garvey DEPARTMENT OF EMBRYOLOGY 115 West University Parkway MD Baltimore, 21210-3301 (410) 554-1200 C Director: Allan Spradling . DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BIOLOGY 290 Panama Street CA Stanford, 94305-4101 (415)325-1521 Director: Christopher Somerville GEOPHYSICALLABORATORY N.W 5251 Broad Branch Road, Washington, DC 20015-1305 (202) 686-2410 Director: Charles T. Prewitt DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM N.W 5241 Broad Branch Road, Washington, DC 20015-1305 (202) 686-4370 Director: Sean C Solomon . THEOBSERVATORIES LAS CAMPANAS OBSERVATORY 813 Santa Barbara Street Casilla 601 CA Pasadena, 91101-1292 La Serena, Chile (818) 577-1122 Director: Augustus Oemler, Jr., The Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair Director, Las Campanas: Miguel Roth Carnegie Institution Web site: http://www.ciw.edu Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number 3-16716 ISSN 0069-066X; ISBN 0-87279-674-4 Printing by Kirby Lithographic Company, Inc. Composition with Adobe PageMaker December 1996 Carnegie Institution Year Book 95 ii Contents President's Commentary (Singer) 1 Losses, Gains, Honors 10 Contributions, Gifts, and Private Grants 15 The Observatories Director's Introduction 21 The Sky at Meter Wavelengths (McCarthy) 23 Lurking Galaxies (Dalcanton) 31 Personnel 37 Bibliography 39 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Director's Introduction 47 Time Scales and Stellar Evolution (Graham) 50 Star Dust in the Laboratory (Alexander) 57 Personnel 65 Bibliography 67 Department of Embryology Director's Introduction 73 Mice Flip Over New Genetic Techniques (Dymecki) 77 A Modern Genetics: Modular Mis-expression Screen in Drosophila (R0rth) 82 Personnel 89 Bibliography 91 (continued) Year Book 95 Carnegie Institution hi Department of Plant Biology Director's Introduction 95 How Plants Protect Themselves from Damage by Excessive Sunlight (Niyogi, Grossman, and Bjorkman) 99 The Changing Carbon Cycle, from the Leaf to the Globe (Field) 106 . . Personnel 113 Bibliography 115 Geophysical Laboratory Director's Introduction 119 Isotopic Tracers of Climatic Changes in the Australian Outback (Fogel and Johnson) 121 Ancient Structures: Probing the Chemistry of Organic Matter Diagenesis (Cody) 128 Ultrahigh Metamorphism and the Qinglongshan Anomaly (Rumble) 137 Personnel 140 Bibliography 142 Extradepartmental and Administrative Personnel 149 Publications and Special Events 150 Abstract of Minutes of the 104th Meeting of the Board 151 Bylaws 153 Financial Statements 162 Index 175 Carnegie Institution ofWashington is committed to the national policy offair treatment ofall employees in all aspects ofemployment. The Institution does not discriminate against any person on the basis ofrace, color, religion, sex, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other basis prohibited by applicable law. This policy covers all programs, including adminis- tration of its educational program, admission ofqualified students as fellows, and employment practices and procedures. W Carnegie Institution Year Book 95 President and Trustees PRESIDENT Maxine Singer F. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Thomas N. Urban, Chairman William M. Turner, Vice-Chairman I. Jr., T William Golden, Secretary Philip H. Abelson William R. Hearst III T William Coleman, Jr. Richard E. Heckert John Crawford Kazuo Inamori F. Edward E. David, Jr. Gerald D. Laubach John Diebold John D. Macomber James D. Ebert Richard A. Meserve W Gary Ernst Frank Press Sandra M. Faber William Rutter W J. Bruce Ferguson David E Swensen Michael E. Gellert Charles H. Townes Robert G. Goelet Sidney Weinberg, J. Jr. David Greenewalt TRUSTEES EMERITI Caryl P. Haskins William R. Hewlett William McChesney Martin, Jr. Richard S. Perkins Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Frank Stanton Year Book 95 Carnegie Institution v Former Presidents and Trustees PRESIDENTS Frederick H. Gillett, 1924-1935 Paul F. Oreffice, 1988-1993 Daniel C. Gilman, 1902-1908 William Church Osborn, 1927- Daniel Coit Gilman, 1902-1904 Hanna H.Gray, 1974-1978 1934 Robert S. Woodward, 1904-1920 Crawford H. Greenewalt, 1952- Walter H. Page, 1971-1979 John C. Merriam, 1921-1938 1984 James Parmelee, 1917-1931 Vannevar Bush, 1939-1955 William C. Greenough, 1975- William Barclay Parsons, 1907— Caryl P. Haskins, 1956-1971 1989 1932 Philip H. Abelson, 1971-1978 Patrick E. Haggerty, 1974-1975 Stewart Paton, 1916-1942 James D. Ebert, 1978-1987 John Hay, 1902-1905 Robert N. Pennoyer, 1968-1989 Edward E. David, Jr. (Acting Barklie McKee Henry, 1949-1966 George W. Pepper, 1914-1919 President, 1987-1988) Myron T. Herrick, 1915-1929 John J. Pershing, 1930-1943 TRUSTEES Abram S. Hewitt, 1902-1903 Henning W. Prentis, Jr., 1942- Henry L. Higginson, 1902-1919 1959 Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1902-1909 Henry S. Pritchett, 1906-1936 Alexander Aggasiz, 1904-1905 Henry Hitchcock, 1902 Gordon S. Rentschler, 1946-1948 Robert O. Anderson, 1976-1983 Herbert Hoover, 1920-1949 Sally K. Ride, 1989-1994 Lord Ashby of Brandon, 1967— William Wirt Howe, 1903-1909 David Rockefeller, 1952-1956 1974 Charles L. Hutchinson, 1902- ElihuRoot, 1902-1937 J. Paul Austin, 1976-1978 1904 Elihu Root, Jr., 1937-1967 George G. Baldwin, 1925-1927 WalterA. Jessup, 1938-1944 Julius Rosenwald, 1929-1931 Thomas Barbour, 1934-1946 Frank B. Jewett, 1933-1949 William M. Roth, 1968-1979 James F.Bell, 1935-1961 George F. Jewett, Jr., 1983-1987 William W. Rubey, 1962-1974 JohnS. Billings, 1902-1913 Antonia Ax:son Johnson, 1980— Martin A. Ryerson, 1908-1928 Robert Woods Bliss, 1936-1962 1994 Howard A. Schneiderman, 1988- Amory H. Bradford, 1959-1972 William F. Kieschnick, 1985-1991 1990 Lindsay Bradford, 1940-1958 Samuel P. Langley, 1904-1906 Henry R. Shepley, 1937-1962 OmarN. Bradley, 1948-1969 Kenneth G. Langone, 1993-1994 Theobald Smith, 1914-1934 Lewis M. Branscomb, 1973-1990 Ernest O. Lawrence, 1944-1958 John C Spooner, 902- 907 . 1 1 Robert S. Brookings, 1910-1929 Charles A. Lindbergh, 1934-1939 William Benson Storey, 1924- James E. Burke, 1989-1993 William Lindsay, 1902-1909 1939 Vannevar Bush, 1958-1971 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1914-1924 Richard P. Strong, 1934-1948 John L. Cadwalader, 1903-1914 Alfred L. Loomis, 1934-1973 Charles P. Taft, 1936-1975 William W. Campbell, 1929-1938 Robert A. Lovett, 1948-1971 William H. Taft, 1906-1915 John J. Carty, 1916-1932 SethLow, 1902-1916 William S. Thayer, 1929-1932 Whitefoord R. Cole, 1925-1934 Wayne MacVeagh, 902- 907 JuanT. Trippe, 1944-1981 1 1 John T. Connor, 1975-1980 Keith S. McHugh, 1950-1974 James W. Wadsworth, 1932-1952 Frederic A. Delano, 1927-1949 Andrew W. Mellon, 1924-1937 Charles D. Walcott, 1902-1927 Cleveland H. Dodge, 1903-1923 John C. Merriam, 1921-1938 Frederic C. Walcott, 1931-1948 William E. Dodge, 1902-1903 J. Irwin Miller, 1988-1991 Henry P. Walcott, 1910-1924 Gerald M. Edelman, 1980-1987 Margaret Carnegie Miller, 1955- Lewis H. Weed, 1935-1952 Charles P. Fenner, 1914-1924 1967 William H. Welch, 1906-1934 Michael Ference, Jr., 1968-1980 Roswell Miller, 1933-1955 Gunnar Wessman, 1984-1987 Homer L. Ferguson, 1927-1952 Darius O. Mills, 1902-1909 Andrew D. White, 1902-1916 Simon Flexner, 1910-1914 S. Weir Mitchell, 1902-1914 Edward D. White, 1902-1903 W. Cameron Forbes, 1920-1955 Andrew J. Montague, 1907-1935 Henry White, 1913-1927 James Forrestal, 1948-1949 Henry S. Morgan, 1936-1978 James N. White, 1956-1979 William N. Frew, 1902-1915 William W. Morrow, 1902-1929 George W. Wickersham, 909- 1 Lyman J. Gage, 1902-1912 Seeley G. Mudd, 1940-1968 1936 Walter S. Gifford, 1931-1966 Franklin D. Murphy, 1978-1985 Robert E. Wilson, 1953-1964 Carl J. Gilbert, 1962-1983 William I. Myers, 1948-1976 Robert S. Woodward, 1905-1924 Cass Gilbert, 1924-1934 Garrison Norton, 1960-1974 Carroll D. Wright, 1902-1908 VI Carnegie Institution Year Book 95 i : '\-f\\n£>i WXiC ilt CiD'lttldilHCC IS , he Commentary President's machm :; the va ' :. i /:'.'/ t UU'i'l Ci ' '* * . . Carnegie president Maxine Singer j , y/rt eartfi filled with ahufujL ' , j ; ? ; tnitii ai,iiuuuficc LS u U) urn bti Department ofTerrestrial Magnetism staff member Erik Hauri and visitor Vincent Salters from Florida State Universitywith the Cameca IMS 6f ion microprobe at DTM. The instrument, which enables researchers to examine micro-scale variations in trace elements and isotopes by bombarding samples with beams ofcharged particles, is run as a regional facility, with approximately halfthe operating time reserved for scientists from other institutions. It was formally dedicated in |une 1996. (Photo by Steve Shirey) 2 Carnegie Institution Year Book 95

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EXTENDING THE FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE.. YEAR BOOK *v w CARNEGIE INSTITUTION WA GTON OF H IN S Coverphoto: High-resolution x-ray image offossilized wood ~ 40 millionyearsold. The convo- lutedstructure corresponds tocollapsedcellwalls. Eachcellwall isnominally 4 micronswide; the spatial resolutionofthe image is 50nm and sample thickness is 150 nm, The image was acquired by GeophysicalLaboratorystaffmemberGeorgeCodyusingthescanningtransmissionx-raymicro- scope at the National SynchrotronLight Source, BrookhavenNational Laboratory. Light regions ofthe image correspond to high x-ray transmission, dark to high x-ray absorption. The photon energy is 285 eV, and image contrast is based on the distribution ofa specific type ofcarbon (i.e. carbon involved in pi bonding with other carbons). The image thus provides a high-resolution chemical "map"ofcarbonchemistry. See essaybyGeorge Cody, p. 128. Year Book 95 The Report President's 1995 -June 30, 1996 July 1, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION 1530 P Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005-1910 (202) 387-6400 President: Maxine F. Singer Director, Administration and Finance:JohnJ. Lively Director, External Affairs: Susanne Garvey DEPARTMENT OF EMBRYOLOGY 115 West University Parkway MD Baltimore, 21210-3301 (410) 554-1200 C Director: Allan Spradling . DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BIOLOGY 290 Panama Street CA Stanford, 94305-4101 (415)325-1521 Director: Christopher Somerville GEOPHYSICALLABORATORY N.W 5251 Broad Branch Road, Washington, DC 20015-1305 (202) 686-2410 Director: Charles T. Prewitt DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM N.W 5241 Broad Branch Road, Washington, DC 20015-1305 (202) 686-4370 Director: Sean C Solomon . THEOBSERVATORIES LAS CAMPANAS OBSERVATORY 813 Santa Barbara Street Casilla 601 CA Pasadena, 91101-1292 La Serena, Chile (818) 577-1122 Director: Augustus Oemler, Jr., The Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair Director, Las Campanas: Miguel Roth Carnegie Institution Web site: http://www.ciw.edu Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number 3-16716 ISSN 0069-066X; ISBN 0-87279-674-4 Printing by Kirby Lithographic Company, Inc. Composition with Adobe PageMaker December 1996 Carnegie Institution Year Book 95 ii Contents President's Commentary (Singer) 1 Losses, Gains, Honors 10 Contributions, Gifts, and Private Grants 15 The Observatories Director's Introduction 21 The Sky at Meter Wavelengths (McCarthy) 23 Lurking Galaxies (Dalcanton) 31 Personnel 37 Bibliography 39 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Director's Introduction 47 Time Scales and Stellar Evolution (Graham) 50 Star Dust in the Laboratory (Alexander) 57 Personnel 65 Bibliography 67 Department of Embryology Director's Introduction 73 Mice Flip Over New Genetic Techniques (Dymecki) 77 A Modern Genetics: Modular Mis-expression Screen in Drosophila (R0rth) 82 Personnel 89 Bibliography 91 (continued) Year Book 95 Carnegie Institution hi Department of Plant Biology Director's Introduction 95 How Plants Protect Themselves from Damage by Excessive Sunlight (Niyogi, Grossman, and Bjorkman) 99 The Changing Carbon Cycle, from the Leaf to the Globe (Field) 106 . . Personnel 113 Bibliography 115 Geophysical Laboratory Director's Introduction 119 Isotopic Tracers of Climatic Changes in the Australian Outback (Fogel and Johnson) 121 Ancient Structures: Probing the Chemistry of Organic Matter Diagenesis (Cody) 128 Ultrahigh Metamorphism and the Qinglongshan Anomaly (Rumble) 137 Personnel 140 Bibliography 142 Extradepartmental and Administrative Personnel 149 Publications and Special Events 150 Abstract of Minutes of the 104th Meeting of the Board 151 Bylaws 153 Financial Statements 162 Index 175 Carnegie Institution ofWashington is committed to the national policy offair treatment ofall employees in all aspects ofemployment. The Institution does not discriminate against any person on the basis ofrace, color, religion, sex, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other basis prohibited by applicable law. This policy covers all programs, including adminis- tration of its educational program, admission ofqualified students as fellows, and employment practices and procedures. W Carnegie Institution Year Book 95 President and Trustees PRESIDENT Maxine Singer F. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Thomas N. Urban, Chairman William M. Turner, Vice-Chairman I. Jr., T William Golden, Secretary Philip H. Abelson William R. Hearst III T William Coleman, Jr. Richard E. Heckert John Crawford Kazuo Inamori F. Edward E. David, Jr. Gerald D. Laubach John Diebold John D. Macomber James D. Ebert Richard A. Meserve W Gary Ernst Frank Press Sandra M. Faber William Rutter W J. Bruce Ferguson David E Swensen Michael E. Gellert Charles H. Townes Robert G. Goelet Sidney Weinberg, J. Jr. David Greenewalt TRUSTEES EMERITI Caryl P. Haskins William R. Hewlett William McChesney Martin, Jr. Richard S. Perkins Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Frank Stanton Year Book 95 Carnegie Institution v Former Presidents and Trustees PRESIDENTS Frederick H. Gillett, 1924-1935 Paul F. Oreffice, 1988-1993 Daniel C. Gilman, 1902-1908 William Church Osborn, 1927- Daniel Coit Gilman, 1902-1904 Hanna H.Gray, 1974-1978 1934 Robert S. Woodward, 1904-1920 Crawford H. Greenewalt, 1952- Walter H. Page, 1971-1979 John C. Merriam, 1921-1938 1984 James Parmelee, 1917-1931 Vannevar Bush, 1939-1955 William C. Greenough, 1975- William Barclay Parsons, 1907— Caryl P. Haskins, 1956-1971 1989 1932 Philip H. Abelson, 1971-1978 Patrick E. Haggerty, 1974-1975 Stewart Paton, 1916-1942 James D. Ebert, 1978-1987 John Hay, 1902-1905 Robert N. Pennoyer, 1968-1989 Edward E. David, Jr. (Acting Barklie McKee Henry, 1949-1966 George W. Pepper, 1914-1919 President, 1987-1988) Myron T. Herrick, 1915-1929 John J. Pershing, 1930-1943 TRUSTEES Abram S. Hewitt, 1902-1903 Henning W. Prentis, Jr., 1942- Henry L. Higginson, 1902-1919 1959 Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1902-1909 Henry S. Pritchett, 1906-1936 Alexander Aggasiz, 1904-1905 Henry Hitchcock, 1902 Gordon S. Rentschler, 1946-1948 Robert O. Anderson, 1976-1983 Herbert Hoover, 1920-1949 Sally K. Ride, 1989-1994 Lord Ashby of Brandon, 1967— William Wirt Howe, 1903-1909 David Rockefeller, 1952-1956 1974 Charles L. Hutchinson, 1902- ElihuRoot, 1902-1937 J. Paul Austin, 1976-1978 1904 Elihu Root, Jr., 1937-1967 George G. Baldwin, 1925-1927 WalterA. Jessup, 1938-1944 Julius Rosenwald, 1929-1931 Thomas Barbour, 1934-1946 Frank B. Jewett, 1933-1949 William M. Roth, 1968-1979 James F.Bell, 1935-1961 George F. Jewett, Jr., 1983-1987 William W. Rubey, 1962-1974 JohnS. Billings, 1902-1913 Antonia Ax:son Johnson, 1980— Martin A. Ryerson, 1908-1928 Robert Woods Bliss, 1936-1962 1994 Howard A. Schneiderman, 1988- Amory H. Bradford, 1959-1972 William F. Kieschnick, 1985-1991 1990 Lindsay Bradford, 1940-1958 Samuel P. Langley, 1904-1906 Henry R. Shepley, 1937-1962 OmarN. Bradley, 1948-1969 Kenneth G. Langone, 1993-1994 Theobald Smith, 1914-1934 Lewis M. Branscomb, 1973-1990 Ernest O. Lawrence, 1944-1958 John C Spooner, 902- 907 . 1 1 Robert S. Brookings, 1910-1929 Charles A. Lindbergh, 1934-1939 William Benson Storey, 1924- James E. Burke, 1989-1993 William Lindsay, 1902-1909 1939 Vannevar Bush, 1958-1971 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1914-1924 Richard P. Strong, 1934-1948 John L. Cadwalader, 1903-1914 Alfred L. Loomis, 1934-1973 Charles P. Taft, 1936-1975 William W. Campbell, 1929-1938 Robert A. Lovett, 1948-1971 William H. Taft, 1906-1915 John J. Carty, 1916-1932 SethLow, 1902-1916 William S. Thayer, 1929-1932 Whitefoord R. Cole, 1925-1934 Wayne MacVeagh, 902- 907 JuanT. Trippe, 1944-1981 1 1 John T. Connor, 1975-1980 Keith S. McHugh, 1950-1974 James W. Wadsworth, 1932-1952 Frederic A. Delano, 1927-1949 Andrew W. Mellon, 1924-1937 Charles D. Walcott, 1902-1927 Cleveland H. Dodge, 1903-1923 John C. Merriam, 1921-1938 Frederic C. Walcott, 1931-1948 William E. Dodge, 1902-1903 J. Irwin Miller, 1988-1991 Henry P. Walcott, 1910-1924 Gerald M. Edelman, 1980-1987 Margaret Carnegie Miller, 1955- Lewis H. Weed, 1935-1952 Charles P. Fenner, 1914-1924 1967 William H. Welch, 1906-1934 Michael Ference, Jr., 1968-1980 Roswell Miller, 1933-1955 Gunnar Wessman, 1984-1987 Homer L. Ferguson, 1927-1952 Darius O. Mills, 1902-1909 Andrew D. White, 1902-1916 Simon Flexner, 1910-1914 S. Weir Mitchell, 1902-1914 Edward D. White, 1902-1903 W. Cameron Forbes, 1920-1955 Andrew J. Montague, 1907-1935 Henry White, 1913-1927 James Forrestal, 1948-1949 Henry S. Morgan, 1936-1978 James N. White, 1956-1979 William N. Frew, 1902-1915 William W. Morrow, 1902-1929 George W. Wickersham, 909- 1 Lyman J. Gage, 1902-1912 Seeley G. Mudd, 1940-1968 1936 Walter S. Gifford, 1931-1966 Franklin D. Murphy, 1978-1985 Robert E. Wilson, 1953-1964 Carl J. Gilbert, 1962-1983 William I. Myers, 1948-1976 Robert S. Woodward, 1905-1924 Cass Gilbert, 1924-1934 Garrison Norton, 1960-1974 Carroll D. Wright, 1902-1908 VI Carnegie Institution Year Book 95 i : '\-f\\n£>i WXiC ilt CiD'lttldilHCC IS , he Commentary President's machm :; the va ' :. i /:'.'/ t UU'i'l Ci ' '* * . . Carnegie president Maxine Singer j , y/rt eartfi filled with ahufujL ' , j ; ? ; tnitii ai,iiuuuficc LS u U) urn bti Department ofTerrestrial Magnetism staff member Erik Hauri and visitor Vincent Salters from Florida State Universitywith the Cameca IMS 6f ion microprobe at DTM. The instrument, which enables researchers to examine micro-scale variations in trace elements and isotopes by bombarding samples with beams ofcharged particles, is run as a regional facility, with approximately halfthe operating time reserved for scientists from other institutions. It was formally dedicated in |une 1996. (Photo by Steve Shirey) 2 Carnegie Institution Year Book 95

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