(1985) al-Furūq fī al-lughah by Abū Hilāl al-ʻAskarī

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Chaudhary, Mohammad Akram (1985) al-Furūq fī al-lughah by Abū
Hilāl al-ʻAskarī : a thesaurus for distinctions of meaning between
assumed synonyms in Arabic. PhD thesis

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AI-Furuq fi al-Lughah, by Abu Hilal
al-cAskari: a Thesaurus for
Distinctions of Meaning between
Assumed Synonyms i:nAr9bic.
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presented by
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J .. " Mohammad: . Akr:-am '. Chaudhary
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, ;"'. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Faculty of Arts, University of Glasgow.
December 1985
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements (i)
Transliteration (ii)
Abstract (iii)
Introduction ( v)
Part I
Critical study of al"':Ftiruq fI ,al.:...Lughah by
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Abu Hilioll' al- Aska:ri. '
, ; Chapter' I
\An Introduction to .al-Furuq fi al-Lughah \ '
"Cha,pt'er II .
Methodology' of Abu Hilal al-9Askari ,in determining
',' "
me,anings 16.,..25
Chapter III
Abu Hilal al-cAskari's views on Synonymy 26-36
Chapter IV
Sources of al-Furuq fi al-Lughah 37-51
Chapter V
The Impact' of Abu Hilal al-cAskar'f on
Subsequent Linguistic Studies 52-59
Conclusion 60-64
Selected Bibliography 65-70
Part II 71
Distinctions of Meaning between Assumed Synonyms
c
made by Abu Hilal al- Askari in al-Furuq
fi al-Lughah .
Cha]2ter II 72
.-
CtiaEter III 119
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, ., :·,Chapter IV· ,- " :"'" '13.T<,": - ,
ChaJ?ter V .',' 167 \'
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'::c " Chap,:ter VI' 188' .'~ ,. ;0',
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Cha:eter VII --, 194 .
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Chapter VIII 224
Cha:eter IX 243
" .,
Cha:e1::er X 251
Ch'~:eter XI 256
Cha:eter XII 259
Cha:eter XIII 281
Cha:eter XIV 297
Cha:eter XV 314
Chapter XVI 319
Cha12ter XVII 328
Cha:eter XVIII 333
Cha:eter XIX 357
Cha:eter XX 370
Cha:eter XXI 380
Cha:eter XXII 383
Chapter XXIII 388
Chapter XXIV 398
Cha:eter XXV 404
Chapter XXVI 420
Chapter XXVII 424
Chapter XXVIII 428
Chapter XXIX 431
Cha;eter XXX 435
List of entries' ~n al-'-Furuq fI al-Lughah. 461
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,
,
in
In[iex 'of words d~al t wfth b~Abu Hilal
, '
al-Furu<:],fi al-Lughah., . (Referred to in Part IJ;
by the symbol A.) .. " 477 ,
(i)
Acknowledgements
It is with gratitude and appreciation that I acknowledge
my indebtedness to the Islamia University, Bahawalpur,
Pakistan, for sending me to Glasgow to carry out this work.
I express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr J.N. Mattock, Head
of the Arabic & Islamic Studies Dept., for his continuous
eJ?coura~ement, assistance ,and' 'invaluable advice thro~ghout
" eVery. stage, 'of t.his thesis':" . I: also~xpresk my grati tude to
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'Dr Hasan Muhammad Baju9-ah, Head of the Dept. of, Highe,r Studies
• , • _ .. , v. '
" '
in AraJ?ic, intheUmmal"".Qura Univers~ ty, Makkah aj:~Mukarramah,
. fcirhisccmtinuou~ guidarice,for a period 6f'six montps during
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whl.!;!h the critical' study of al-Furiiq ,fi L~ghah wai completed.
'My thanks are due to my wife Reh~ma Akram, who,has stood by
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me so statindily during these years.
My deepest thanks are due to all those who have helped me
directly or indirectly in completing this work.
FinallY,I thank Miss Jane Livingston, who has very patiently
and conscientiously carried out the typing of this thesis.
Mohammad Akram Chaudhary,
Glasgow,
December 1985.
(ii)
Transliteration
The following symbols are used to transcribe the Arabic letters:
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u
b \...J
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o ;
aw
th L:J .!j -
ay
j ," l:J
a'
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,c , :'·':'r-,
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q.h ';;}
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Z ...J
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sh lY"
s uP.
d uP
.h
t
.b
z
tJ
c
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::., gh
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f '--'
q <-'
J
1
m (
n l:)
h l5
w --'
y L..S.
-Hi-
Abstract
The struggle against ~ "inaccurate use of the language" began
in the first Hijrah century. To safeguard the Arabic language against
this and to preserve their linguistic heritage was the prime concern
of early linguists.
Writings on al-Furuq "differences" were originally confined to
works on 'hayawan "animals". Abu Hilal al-cAskarL (d.395 A.H.) was
thef~rst linguist to adapt this' format to language , with his book
on al-furuq al-lughawiyyah "linguistic .(semantic). diffe~nces" •
.· He devised eight rules of' his own for discr:iminati~g'betwe'ei1 words
of close meanings, which he applied in his al-Furuq fi ~l-Lughah,
in. addition to those propounded by his linguist predecessors, like
al-:MUbarrad~ Thaclab and Ibn Durustawayh.
Abu Hilal presents his rules for discrimination between various
different meanings and his methodology in. the first chapter of his
\
book; in the rest of the 29 chapters he deals with nearly 1000 pairs
of words generally considered to have similar meanings. He
successfully employs his rules on. this material. We have divided
our work of this important book into two parts. The first comprises
a critical study ,of it and . of Abu Hilal's views on the occurrence
of synonymy in Arabic. It consists of the following chapters.
Chapter I: Introduction of al-Furuq fI al-Lughah.
- - c -
Chapter II: Methodology of Abu Hilal al- Askari in determining
meanings.
Chapter III: Abu Hilal al-cAskarI's views on Synonymy.
Chapter IV: Sources of al-Furuq fI al-Lughah.
-iv-
Abu
Chapter V: The impact of Hilal al-cAskarI on subsequent
linguistic studies.
In the second part we have attempted to present the
Abu
di.stinctions of meaning between assumed synonyms made by
- c -
Hilal al- Askari. We give all the usages of the various words,
Abu
as cited by Hilal. It has been necessary to paraphrase and
rearr~~ge his m~terial, and to shorten some of-his definitions
-and,ito omit_superfluous examples, _~hile preserving, and of:ten
clarifying, the points -that he is making ... __
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